Analysing disease incidence data from designed experiments by generalized linear mixed models

As a result of aggregation or clustering of sampling units, disease incidence data from designed experiments frequently show overdispersion relative to the binomial distribution. This paper discusses generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) suitable for analysing overdispersed disease incidence data. The methods are exemplified using data from a randomized complete block experiment on the incidence of downy mildew ( Plasmopara viticola ) of grape ( Vitis lambrusca ). Hints are given regarding implementation of the methods using the %GLIMMIX macro for the SAS system.     

葡萄籽和皮中黄酮成分和抗氧化能力研究

通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析了酿酒葡萄中的梅鹿辄和霞多丽品种的籽和皮及圆叶葡萄品种麝香葡萄籽中主要单体黄酮醇和酚酸种类,并测定了葡萄籽和皮中的单体黄酮醇和酚酸对总抗氧化能力的贡献.结果表明:麝香葡萄籽中没食子酸、儿茶素、表儿茶酸的含量为68,7和69 mg/100g干重,而在霞多丽葡萄籽相应为10,211和303mg/100g干重,梅鹿辄葡萄籽中为7,74和83 mg/100g干重.这3种成分在葡萄酒副产物的皮中的含量低于籽中,采用抗氧化能量指数法(ORAC)测定其抗氧化能力贡献占总抗氧化能力的17%.在葡萄籽或皮中的酚类对过氧化游离基清除能力从大到小依次为:白藜芦醇、儿茶素、表儿茶酸=没食子儿茶精、没食子酸=鞣花酸.葡萄籽中抗氧化能力的最主要物质是二聚、三聚、寡聚或多聚原花青素.     

欧亚种葡萄设施栽培技术

叙述了葡萄避雨栽培简易大棚的结构和双十字V形整枝技术;采用石灰氮处理并在1月中、下旬的覆膜技术,打破葡萄的休眠期,促使提早萌芽结果,同时通过棚内光照、温度、湿度的调节,结合施肥,整形修剪等配套技术,达到葡萄的优质、稳产、高产。     

武威绿洲日光温室葡萄主要病害发生规律及综合防治

调查总结了武威绿洲日光温室葡萄主要病害霜霉病、白粉病、白腐病的发生规律,并在实践的基础上提出了不同病害的防治适期和防治关键技术.     

不同机械修剪量对巨峰葡萄生长及果实品质的影响

[目的]筛选最佳修剪叶幕厚度。[方法]以巨峰葡萄为试材,研究机械修剪的工作效率及4种叶幕厚度(30、40、50、60 cm)对葡萄生长、果实品质的影响。[结果]随着叶幕厚度增加,葡萄枝条节间变细变长,叶面积减小,叶绿素含量降低,果穗质量、果粒质量、果实纵横径减小,果实可溶性固形物含量下降;采用机械修剪比常规夏季修剪方式省工约57.69%,显著提高了工作效率。[结论]40 cm为最佳修剪叶幕厚度。     

Uneven ripening in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) berries in India is linked to seed viability

Uneven ripening (UR) is a physiological disorder of unknown origin in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) leading to wine of inferior quality. A preliminary study found wide variations in total dehydrogenase activity (TDH) of seeds from unevenly ripe berries. In our experiments, gibberellin (GA₃) applied to young grapes increased seed TDH activity and reduced the incidence of uneven ripening to 2% compared with 35% in the control. In contrast, paclobutrazol (PBZ) decreased TDH activity and increased the incidence of the disorder to 58%. GA₃-treated berries had higher concentrations of sucrose and TDH activity in seed representing mature seeds with high viability. In contrast, PBZ-treated and control berries had higher concentrations of glucose and lower TDH activity, indicating immature seeds with low viability. These results suggested that competition among developing berries can lead to differences in seed gibberellin content, seed viability and the rate of berry growth resulting in green, purple, and black berries at harvest. The study established the role of seed viability in uneven ripening and demonstrated that the incidence of the disorder is reduced by the application of GA₃ to immature berries.     

Effects of Denapon and Ethrel on thinning grapes

The effectiveness of Denapon and Ethrel as a thinning chemical for ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ grape was examined from 1980 to 1982 with various timings and concentrations of application. Ethrel applied at 50 mg l^?1 by cluster-dipping or shoot-spraying at full bloom, or 6 days after full bloom, resulted in over-thinning and chemical injury, and no thinning effect was found when Ethrel was applied at 10 or 5 mg l^?1 on the same dates. The only treatment which exhibited a desirable thinning effect was shoot-spraying at 50 mg l^?1 12 days after full bloom, but this markedly inhibited berry growth. Denapon applied at 1667 mg l^?1 by shoot-spraying at full bloom, or 6 days after full bloom, reduced the number of berries per cluster almost adequately and consistently without any unfavorable side effects. This chemical applied at 834 mg l^?1 was nearly as effective as when applied at 1667 mg l^?1, but the effectiveness of the former was less consistent than that of the latter. From these results, Denapon is thought to be a promising thinning chemical for ‘Muscat of Alexandria’.     

Total antioxidant activities,phenolics, anthocyanins,polyphenoloxidase activities of selected red grape cultivars and their correlations

Sixteen red grape cultivars (Md. Jean Matthias, Öküzgözü, Muscat Hamburg, Cabarnet Sauvignon, Tekirda? Çekirdeksizi, Gewürztraminer, 2B/56, Kalecik karas?, Carignan, Kokulu Siyah, Alfonse Lavallée, Bo?azkere, Adakaras?, Papazkaras?, Mourvedre and Cinsaut) which are grown in Tekirda? Viticulture Research Institute were analyzed for determination of antioxidant activities, total phenolics, anthocyanins, external colour, polyphenoloxidase activities, sugar and acidity. The lowest antioxidant activity (percentage of inhibition on peroxidation in linoleic acid system; AA) was determined in Tekirda? çekirdeksiz extracts as 87.58% and the highest AA was in Mourvedre (93.78%). Total phenolic content (TP) varied from 817 to 3062 μg/ml GAE in the same varieties, respectively. The total anthocyanin (TA) content ranged from 40.3 to 990.8 mg/l fresh weight. The lowest PPO activity was found in Bo?azkere and the highest was in Kalecik karas?. The total sugar content in the analyzed varieties varied between 13.29 and 24.46%. There was stronger correlation between AA and TP than AA and TA.