哈茨木霉Tr1菌株分泌蛋白及Peptaibols合成酶的生物信息学分析

研究旨在应用生物信息学方法分析生防菌哈茨木霉的分泌蛋白及Peptaibols合成酶。本研究以哈茨木霉Tr1菌株的11264条假定蛋白质序列为对象,利用Signal P、Protparam和Swissmodel等生物信息学工具预测出分泌蛋白,分析其信号肽特征,从中筛选可能与其生防机制有直接联系的分泌蛋白和Peptaibols合成酶,并对这些蛋白质的性质和结构功能进行分析。结果表明:哈茨木霉Tr1菌株含有403个分泌蛋白,其中假定蛋白质PNP53160和PNP56908可能起到纤维素酶和几丁质酶的作用。分泌蛋白的信号肽的中间区域富含亮氨酸和丙氨酸,C端属于A-X-A类型。假定蛋白PNP58822中的16862~20750 aa片段可能起到Peptaibols合成酶作用,该蛋白主要包括了乙酰辅酶A合成酶Ⅰ、Taq A的CT结构域和脂肽合成酶亚基Ⅲ等功能区域。本研究应用生物信息学方法分析了403个分泌蛋白及其信号肽特征,筛选出了可能与哈茨木霉生防机制相关的蛋白质,并预测了其性质、结构和功能,为进一步研究哈茨木霉的生防机制提供理论基础。     

谷氨酰胺对斜带石斑鱼GF-1细胞中C-Myc蛋白的表达与神经坏死病毒复制的影响

为探讨C-Myc表达、谷氨酰胺代谢和神经坏死病毒复制三者之间的关系,本研究首先克隆了斜带石斑鱼鳍条细胞(GF-1)中的C-Myc基因(GF-1-C-Myc),结果显示GF-1-CMyc基因cDNA全长814 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为285 bp,编码95个氨基酸(aa),有亮氨酸拉链结构域与螺旋-环-螺旋(HLH)结构域。实验表达和纯化了GF-1-C-Myc蛋白,并制备其多克隆抗体。采用实时定量PCR技术(qRT-PCR)与免疫印迹法(WB)检测了GF-1-C-Myc基因的表达和神经坏死病毒的复制。结果显示,缺乏谷氨酰胺会同时抑制GF-1-C-Myc基因的表达和神经坏死病毒(NNV)的复制,添加谷氨酰胺可同时促进GF-1-C-Myc的表达和NNV的复制;此外,NNV感染可上调GF-1-C-Myc基因的表达,并显著消耗GF-1细胞培养液中的谷氨酰胺。研究表明,GF-1-C-Myc基因可调控宿主谷氨酰胺代谢,从而有利于神经坏死病毒的复制。本结果为防控NNV的感染提供了参考。     

色氨酰-tRNA合成酶基因WRS1调控水稻种子发育

【目的】氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, aaRSs）与遗传信息传递密切相关,已发现植物中aaRSs家族蛋白在维持翻译功能之余,还参与配子发生与胚发育、质体的早期发育以及免疫信号的感知与病害防御等生物学过程。本研究利用水稻胚乳发育缺陷突变体,分析水稻色氨酰-tRNA合成酶（WRS1）在胚乳发育中的作用,证明WRS1基因编码一个影响水稻胚乳发育的关键因子。【方法】本研究通过甲烷磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate, EMS）诱变籼稻（Oryza sativa subsp. indica）品种N22,筛选到一个稳定遗传的水稻粉质胚乳突变体（wrs1）,图位克隆获得目标基因。对wrs1成熟种子进行形态学观察以及淀粉相关理化性质测定,利用细胞学切片分析wrs1发育中胚乳的结构,利用实时荧光定量PCR（quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR）和GUS活性染色分析基因表达模式,通过qRT-PCR比较野生型与突变体花后12 d胚乳中淀粉合成相关基因表达情况,免疫印迹检测野生型与突变体成熟种子中淀粉合成酶蛋白积累情况,使用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定游离氨基酸含量。【结果】 wrs1突变体幼苗表现出明显的发育滞后且逐渐蔫萎死亡,从杂合突变体（WRS1wrs1）中分离到的粉质籽粒呈现明显的腹部皱缩,粒厚、千粒重下降,同时总淀粉含量下降,糊化淀粉的峰值黏度和崩解值均低于野生型。wrs1突变体发育胚乳中复合淀粉颗粒变小,排列疏松。WRS1定位于第12染色体长臂约183 kb的区间内,测序发现编码色氨酰-tRNA合成酶（tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, WRS）基因的第6外显子上发生单碱基替换,导致一个保守位置上的甲硫氨酸被替换。wrs1突变体中大部分淀粉合成相关基因表达量下调,且野生型与突变体间基因表达的变化与相应蛋白积累的差异存在不一致的趋势。wrs1突变体籽粒中蛋白质积累降低,而游离氨基酸含量显著升高。【结论】 WRS1编码色氨酰-tRNA合成酶,该基因突变后通过影响氨基酸稳态和蛋白质合成,造成淀粉合成相关基因异常表达从而影响淀粉的合成与积累,导致种子发育缺陷。     

Expression and functional characterization of glutamine synthetase from giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) under osmotic stress

The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii naturally lives in the freshwater, though it migrates to the brackish water environment during spawning that claimed to be resistant on a broad range of saline fluxes. However, little is known about the osmoregulatory patterns and the effect of an enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) in M. rosenbergii under stress. Here, we described the identification and functional characterization of GS from M. rosenbergii (Mr‐GS) at molecular and protein levels. The identified Mr‐GS was comprised of 361 amino acids that phylogenetically shared the highest identity with other crustaceans and predicted to contain Gln‐synt_C and Gln‐synt_N domains at the respective terminal regions. Tissue distribution analysis in M. rosenbergii revealed that the Mr‐GS was highly expressed in muscle, and commonly existed in other examined tissues in the following order gills > heart > stomach > brain > haemolymph. Whereas, the mRNA of Mr‐GS was significantly up‐regulated in the muscle and gill tissues following challenges with either hyper (0 → 13‰), or hypo (13 → 0‰) osmotic stress at 3, 6 and 12 hr. Furthermore, the level of Glutamine concentration was positively correlated with the GS mRNA and protein expression patterns in hyper‐osmotic stress, whereas in hypo‐osmotic stress a slight decrease in the gills and maintained a level in the muscle tissues at 3, 6 and 12 hr post‐treatments. Our findings suggest that Mr‐GS potentially exhibited the osmoregulation responses in the gill and muscle tissues of M. rosenbergii throughout the time of osmotic stress, which will benefit for future study on osmoregulation.     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

谷氨酰胺对点带石斑鱼免疫细胞免疫力的影响

将从平均体质量400 g的点带石斑鱼中肾分离出的白细胞培养在添加0、0．5、1、2 mmol／L 谷氨酰胺的培养基中2、6、12、24 h后，测定白细胞的吞噬和呼吸爆发活力，结果发现，添加谷氨酰胺后白细胞的吞噬和呼吸爆发活力显著提高，随着培养时间的延长，吞噬和呼吸爆发活力进一步提高，最高值均在培养12 h后的1 mmol／L组。在培养12、24 h后测定了白细胞的增殖能力，发现培养12 h后，添加谷氨酰胺的各组增殖效果明显优于未添加谷氨酰胺组（对照组）（ P＜0．05），但添加谷氨酰胺的各组之间差异不显著（P＞0．05），最高值在1 mmol／L组；培养48 h后，除2 mmol／L组外，其他处理组的增殖效果均下降。白细胞对迟钝爱德华氏菌杀菌率变化趋势与吞噬活力相符，1、2 mmol／L 组杀菌率显著高于对照组（P＜0．05），而0．5 mmol／L组与对照组之间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。试验结果表明，谷氨酰胺是石斑鱼有效的免疫增强剂，在培养基中添加1 mmol／L 谷氨酰胺培养12 h效果最佳。     

Molecular cloning and expression of kidney‐type glutaminase from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and its up‐regulation by glutamine in primary culture enterocyte

Glutaminase (GLS) is the key enzyme of glutamine (Gln) metabolism and utilization. In this study, a cDNA encoding GLS protein was identified from common carp Cyprinus carpio intestine. The open reading frame of GLS cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 595 amino acids, which shows a high similarity with its zebrafish Danio rerio counterpart. Bioinformatic analysis showed the protein belongs to kidney‐type GLS. The putative protein has glutaminase domain and ankyrin repeats domain, which are highly conserved among vertebrate orthologues. Real‐time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the abundance of GLS mRNA was the highest in the white muscle, followed by the brain, eyeball and pituitary. Glutaminase was ubiquitously expressed in all intestinal segments of common carp. The activity of GLS did not distribute uniformly along the entire length of the intestine. In primary culture enterocyte, and the expression of GLS mRNA is up‐regulated quickly and effectively by Gln.     

甘蔗S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因(ScSAM)的克隆及表达

利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从甘蔗品种新台糖22(ROC 22)中克隆获得SAM基因的cDNA序列,命名为ScSAM,GenBank登录号为KC172558。用生物信息学方法预测分析其序列,cDNA全长1466 bp,含有1个1191 bp的完整开放阅读框(ORF),编码396个氨基酸,与高粱和玉米等植物的SAM蛋白有很高的相似性。系统进化树分析显示,甘蔗ScSAM与高粱的SAM蛋白亲缘关系较近。Real-time PCR分析表明ScSAM为组成型表达,在根中的表达量最高,是叶中表达量的3.6倍。其在黑穗病菌胁迫和低温(4℃)、聚乙二醇(PEG)、NaCl非生物胁迫下均被诱导表达,但表达模式不同;在H2O2胁迫下其表达被抑制。推测其可能参与甘蔗抗黑穗病过程,且在甘蔗抗寒、抗旱、抗盐和抗氧化等胁迫过程中也起某种作用。     

圆果黄麻纤维素合成酶基因CcCesA1的克隆、反义载体构建及转化拟南芥

以圆果黄麻(Corchorus capsularis L.) “179”茎部韧皮为材料，利用同源克隆和RACE技术，克隆黄麻纤维素合成酶基因CcCesA1 5¢端500 bp序列外的全部cDNA。其序列长度为2529 bp，编码627氨基酸残基，经Blast基因比对和蛋白质结构分析，确定是黄麻纤维素合成酶基因。半定量RT-PCR分析表明，CcCesA1在植株不同部位表达量具组织差异性，依次为茎部韧皮>根>叶>顶芽>麻骨。利用CcCesA1基因部分cDNA序列和3¢UTR区，构建黄麻CcCesA1基因反义载体，用测序验证的阳性质粒转化模式植物拟南芥。Southern结果表明，外源基因以单拷贝方式整合进入基因组，转基因拟南芥生长严重受阻，植株变得矮小且茎部易弯曲倒伏，角果数量变少，长度变短，纤维素含量有不同程度的降低，本研究结果表明，所克隆的黄麻CcCesA1基因除了参与植物其他生理代谢过程外，还参与纤维素的生物合成。     

擎天凤梨SAMs基因的分离及开花期的表达分析

为了获得擎天凤梨SAMs基因,明确其在乙烯生物合成中的作用,本试验在前期构建全长c DNA文库、批量EST测序的基础上,对目标单克隆进行Primer Walking测序获得了2个SAMs基因,分别命名为SAMs1和SAMs2。SAMs1基因(Gen Bank:KF787113)序列全长1 375bp,开放阅读框1 086 bp,编码一条361个氨基酸的序列;SAMs2基因(Gen Bank:KF787114)序列全长1 235bp,开放阅读框945 bp,编码一条314个氨基酸的序列。应用生物信息学方法对2个基因编码蛋白的氨基酸组成、理化性质、保守结构域、二级结构、三级晶体结构等方面进行了预测和分析。分子系统进化分析表明,SAMs1与禾本科植物的SAMs基因聚为一类,与SAMs2关系较远。对2个基因在开花期的表达变化以及乙烯释放量变化分析表明,SAMs1基因表达与内源乙烯的释放水平变化趋势一致,即在完全呈色的红色苞片中含量最高,其次是绿色苞片,最后为绿色叶片。推测SAMs1在乙烯的生物合成中起重要作用,SAMs2参与了除乙烯生物合成外的其它SAM生物代谢过程。本试验结果对研究擎天凤梨的乙烯生物合成、苞片呈色机理以及催花应用具有重要意义。