抗草铵膦转基因水稻品种99-1对该除草剂抗性的评价

在温室盆栽试验中 ,评价抗草铵膦转基因水稻品种 99- 1不同叶期对该药的抗性。与非转基因水稻品种越富比较 ,该转基因品种对草铵膦具有较强的抗性。但不同叶期的抗性存在差异 :2叶期的抗性较差 ,1～2 kg.hm-2草铵膦处理时药害较严重 ,生长明显抑制 ;4 - 8叶期的抗性明显增强 ,中毒症状轻 ,即使在高剂量2 kg.hm-2 处理下 ,生物量的积累也不受影响。不同生育期 bar基因表达量、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化与抗性的关系尚需深入研究     

抗除草剂转基因水稻对稻田杂草种群的影响

草铵膦作为抗除草剂转基因水稻的专用除草剂,对千金子、节节菜、陌上菜、丁香蓼、鳢肠、双穗雀稗、四叶萍和水竹叶表现出优良防效,但不能有效防治牛筋草、牛毛毡、矮慈姑、野荸荠和空心莲子草。在田间使用草铵膦可以有效防治早期出苗的无芒稗,但不能防治中后期出苗的莎草科和阔叶类杂草。与常规稻秀水11相比,转基因水稻99 1的每穗实粒数显著高于秀水11,从而获得了更高产量。转基因水稻嘉禾201与亲本丙94 02比较,对稻田主要杂草密度和生物量的影响差异不显著。转基因水稻99 1和嘉禾201对无芒稗的影响因子R显著大于化感潜力品种地谷,但与非化感品种秀水11相当,表明99 1和嘉禾201无化感竞争优势。     

Out-crossing frequency and genetic analysis of hybrids between transgenic glufosinate herbicide-resistant rice and the weed, red rice

The potential of transferring herbicide resistance from transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to sexually compatible weeds is of paramount importance for development of effective weed control strategies. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic control and frequency of natural outcrossing between a transgenic, glufosinate-resistant rice line and a Louisiana biotype of red rice (Oryza sativa L.). Molecular and phenotypic data showed that outcrossing in field plots between a non-transgenic purple marker line and red rice did occur within one field season, but at a low rate of <1%. Similarly, molecular and phenotypic data demonstrated that glufosinate resistance was transferred from the transgenic line to the red rice biotype in the field within one year at a low frequency of 0.3%. Compared to parental lines, the transgenic-red rice hybrids were extremely late, tall, and never set seed during the normal field season. Genetic analyses in all F₂ populations showed glufosinate resistance behaved in a Mendelian fashion as a single, dominant gene. Presence of the bar gene for glufosinate resistance did not increase fitness or seed fecundity in hybrids or subsequent progeny. The genetic analyses and outcrossing results from this study suggest that an effective management program can be developed to prolong the usefulness of transgenic, glufosinate herbicide technology. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Less hazardous alternative herbicides to control weeds in immature oil palm

In 2002, the Malaysian government had banned the use of the hazardous herbicide, paraquat. Most growers perceive that paraquat is the most effective herbicide and provides the fastest mode of action to control weeds. An experiment was conducted at MAB Agriculture-Horticulture, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia, from February 2004 to February 2005 to evaluate the efficacy and ability of the less hazardous herbicides, glufosinate ammonium and glyphosate, as an alternative to the hazardous herbicide, paraquat, in controlling weeds in immature oil palm (<3 years old). The results showed that paraquat needed high rates, 600 and 800 g ha⁻¹, to control weeds effectively. However, lower rates of glufosinate ammonium (200 g ha⁻¹) and glyphosate (400 g ha⁻¹) gave excellent weed control. The results showed that the efficacy of glufosinate ammonium and glyphosate were much better than paraquat. The results also showed that, with no direct contact with the plants, paraquat, glufosinate ammonium, and glyphosate had no adverse effect on the vegetative and generative growth of oil palm in this study. These results proved that the less hazardous herbicides, glufosinate ammonium and glyphosate, could be used as an alternative to paraquat to control weeds in immature oil palm.     

Insecticidal activity of glufosinate through glutamine depletion in a caterpillar

The herbicide glufosinate‐ammonium (GLA) is a competitive inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme converting glutamate to glutamine in both plants and animals. Because GS is essential for ammonia detoxification in plants, GLA treatment disrupts photorespiration by causing a build‐up of ammonia and a loss of glutamine in plant tissues. This study reports that GLA applied to leaf surfaces is also toxic to 5th‐instar caterpillars of the skipper butterfly Calpodes ethlius (LD₅₀ = 400 mg kg⁻¹). After ingesting GLA, caterpillars stopped feeding and became dehydrated through a loss of rectal function. Caterpillars showed symptoms of neurotoxicity, such as proleg tremors, body convulsions and complete paralysis before death. Incubation of several tissues isolated from normal feeding‐stage caterpillars with the GS substrates glutamate and ammonium showed that GLA inhibited GS activity in vitro. Within 24 h of ingesting GLA, caterpillars had a greatly reduced glutamine content and the ammonium ion levels had more than doubled. Injection of ammonium chloride into non‐GLA‐treated caterpillars had no deleterious effect, suggesting that glutamine depletion, and not a rise in body ammonium, was the primary cause of GLA toxicity following GS inhibition. This was supported by the observation that the onset of the symptoms of GLA poisoning could be postponed by giving GLA‐fed caterpillars several subsequent daily injections of glutamine. The effective GLA dose fed to 5th‐instar caterpillars in this study was comparable to the amount that might realistically be acquired from feeding on GLA‐treated crops. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

草铵膦胁迫下油菜苗期叶片药害相关性状的全基因组关联分析

随着油菜大面积种植和田间草害的日益严重, 草铵膦近年来被尝试性地用于田间除草, 但草铵膦在杀除杂草的同时或轻或重会对油菜产生药害, 影响其正常生理活动, 甚至影响其产量。本研究通过比较, 选取最能体现油菜苗期耐药性差异的200 mg L^-1作为胁迫浓度。以506份具有代表性的甘蓝型油菜品种(系)为材料, 利用芸薹属60k Illumina Infinium SNP芯片分析其基因型, 对油菜种质苗期的单位叶面积干重耐除草剂系数(CLW)、叶绿素含量耐除草剂系数(CCC)和综合药害指数(CPC)进行全基因组关联分析, 从基因组水平分析油菜在草铵膦胁迫下的生理和形态反应。关联分析中, 扫描到与单位叶面积干重耐除草剂系数显著相关的SNP位点6个, 表型贡献率在6.53%~10.04%之间; 与叶绿素含量耐除草剂系数相关的SNP位点共22个, 表型贡献率在4.97%~6.20%之间; 与综合药害指数相关的SNP位点98个, 覆盖了A、C基因组, 贡献率在3.25%~18.66%之间。通过对显著SNP位点对应的LD区间基因序列的分析, 共获得18个与草铵膦的灭生机制相关的候选基因。在叶绿素含量耐除草剂系数关联位点的LD区域发现11个候选基因, 其中9个参与酰基转移酶活性的调控, 2个与乙酰CoA转移酶活性有关。在与综合药害指数关联位点的LD区域发现7个候选基因, 其中1个与谷氨酰胺转移酶活性有关, 参与谷氨酰胺代谢, 其余6个和乙酰CoA转移酶活性有关。这些基因调控的生理生化过程均与叶片干重、叶绿素含量的变化及草铵膦的灭生机制有关。这些关联位点和候选基因的挖掘, 将为油菜在草铵膦逆境胁迫下的生理生态反应的基因调控机制研究提供参考。     

不同除草剂对转Bar基因马铃薯田间杂草的防效及安全性分析

为了安全防除抗草铵膦转基因马铃薯田间杂草,以转Bar基因马铃薯为试验材料,分析比较了有效成分1 440 g·hm^-2灭草松(T1)、99 g·hm^-2 11%砜嘧磺隆·精喹禾灵(T2)、1 440 g·hm^-2灭草松+ 99 g·hm^-2 11%砜嘧磺隆·精喹禾灵复配剂(T3)、1 695 g·hm^-2草铵膦(T4)、923 g·hm^-2草甘膦(T5)和清水(CK)处理下杂草防效、马铃薯生长指标、块茎产量及品质特性和药剂残留情况。结果表明,草甘膦在杀灭杂草的同时,也杀死了马铃薯植株,受害率达100%;灭草松、11%砜嘧磺隆·精喹禾灵和草铵膦对马铃薯均未产生药害,但因对杂草的防效不同而导致达到的增产效果差异显著。药后45 d时,灭草松和11%砜嘧磺隆·精喹禾灵复配剂(T3)对阔叶杂草的株、鲜重防效较灭草松单独处理(T1)分别提高35.13和38.71个百分点,较11%砜嘧磺隆·精喹禾灵单独处理(T2)分别提高23.88和16.29个百分点,对禾本科杂草的株、鲜重防效较T1分别提高78.36和80.92个百分点,较T2分别提高11.85和8.23个百分点,马铃薯单株产量较CK、T1和T2分别增加58.39%、35.52%和11.44%。草铵膦(T4)对阔叶和禾本科杂草的株、鲜重防效都显著高于T1、T2和T3,单株产量较CK、T1、T2和T3分别增加67.40%、43.24%、17.79%和5.6%。因此,用有效成分1 695 g·hm^-2的草铵膦可以高效防治转Bar基因马铃薯田间杂草,但为了防止转Bar基因马铃薯连作时,因靶标除草剂草铵膦作用单一而诱导杂草产生草铵膦抗性的风险,建议用有效成分 1 440 g·hm^-2 的灭草松和99 g·hm^-2 11%砜嘧磺隆·精喹禾灵复配剂与草铵膦轮换防治杂草。本研究为转Bar基因马铃薯大面积种植中田间杂草的科学防治提供了科学依据。     

农药草铵膦产污系数研究

产污系数的研究是第二次全国污染源普查的基础之一。本文选取了两家以格氏工艺生产草铵膦农药原药的企业进行采样和调查,基于废水实测法和废气物料衡算法进行个体产污系数与品种产污系数核算,分析了两家企业产污差异的影响因素。结果表明:企业A的个体产污系数为化学需氧量1.09×106g t-1、氨氮969g t-1、总氮2.10×103g t-1、总磷750g t-1、挥发性有机物1.59×103kg t-1;企业B的个体产污系数为化学需氧量2.34×106g t-1、氨氮53g t-1、总氮795g t-1、总磷124g t-1、挥发性有机物335 kg t-1;品种产污系数为化学需氧量1.73×106g t-1、氨氮499g t-1、总氮1.43×103g t-1、总磷429g t-1、挥发性有机物748kg t-1。通过对两家企业产污系数影响因素的深入分析,发现原辅料的使用与投用量、有机溶剂和设备的使用不同是导致产污水平差异的主要因素。     

全球非选择性除草剂市场分析及预测(2020年)(上)

全球非选择性除草剂主要为草甘膦、草铵膦、百草枯、敌草快,2018年这些产品市场规模为83.2亿美元,它们的市场份额占非选择性除草剂总量95%。计上其它小宗的产品,全球非选择性除草剂市场达到85亿美元左右,这块占全球除草剂市场的32%,可见,非选择性的需求"扮演"着除草剂市场基石的作用。虽然非选择性除草剂市场整体稳定,可产品间表现不一。目前草甘膦市场需求增长疲态已经出现,未来不可能在像其刚出现时那样经历持续增长。草铵膦具有杀草谱广、低毒、内吸好、活性高和环境友好等特点,也是全球第二大转基因作物耐受除草剂,市场份额9.2亿美元,同时,百草枯受到全球广泛性禁用,市场萎缩严重,敌草快市场表现的不温不火。     

Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp) dose-response relationships with clethodim, glufosinate and glyphosate

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of three commercial cultivars, eight experimental cultivars and common bermudagrass to clethodim, glufosinate and glyphosate. Each herbicide was applied at eight doses. Data were regressed on herbicide dose using a log-logistic curve (R2 = 0.56-0.95 for clethodim, R2 = 0.60-0.94 for glufosinate, and R2 = 0.70-0.96 for glyphosate). The herbicide rate that elicited a 50% plant response (I50) in the bermudagrass cultivars ranged from 0.04 to 0.19 kg ha(-1) clethodim, 0.19 to 1.33 kg ha(-1) glufosinate and 0.34 to 1.14 kg ha(-1) glyphosate. Relative to other cultivars, common bermudagrass was intermediate in its response to clethodim and among the most tolerant cultivars to glufosinate and glyphosate. TifSport was relatively tolerant to clethodim and glufosinate compared with other cultivars, but relatively sensitive to glyphosate. One cultivar, 94-437, was consistently among the most sensitive cultivars to each of the herbicides. While there were differential herbicide tolerances among the tested bermudagrass cultivars, there did not appear to be any naturally occurring herbicide resistance that could be commercially utilized. However, research indicated that breeding efforts should target herbicide resistance that is at least four times the registered use rate. Also, TifSport and Tifway have been identified as suitable representatives of triploid hybrid bermudagrass cultivars to be used to evaluate the success of turfgrass renovation programs.