Less hazardous alternative herbicides to control weeds in immature oil palm

In 2002, the Malaysian government had banned the use of the hazardous herbicide, paraquat. Most growers perceive that paraquat is the most effective herbicide and provides the fastest mode of action to control weeds. An experiment was conducted at MAB Agriculture-Horticulture, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia, from February 2004 to February 2005 to evaluate the efficacy and ability of the less hazardous herbicides, glufosinate ammonium and glyphosate, as an alternative to the hazardous herbicide, paraquat, in controlling weeds in immature oil palm (<3 years old). The results showed that paraquat needed high rates, 600 and 800 g ha⁻¹, to control weeds effectively. However, lower rates of glufosinate ammonium (200 g ha⁻¹) and glyphosate (400 g ha⁻¹) gave excellent weed control. The results showed that the efficacy of glufosinate ammonium and glyphosate were much better than paraquat. The results also showed that, with no direct contact with the plants, paraquat, glufosinate ammonium, and glyphosate had no adverse effect on the vegetative and generative growth of oil palm in this study. These results proved that the less hazardous herbicides, glufosinate ammonium and glyphosate, could be used as an alternative to paraquat to control weeds in immature oil palm.     

Out-crossing frequency and genetic analysis of hybrids between transgenic glufosinate herbicide-resistant rice and the weed, red rice

The potential of transferring herbicide resistance from transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to sexually compatible weeds is of paramount importance for development of effective weed control strategies. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic control and frequency of natural outcrossing between a transgenic, glufosinate-resistant rice line and a Louisiana biotype of red rice (Oryza sativa L.). Molecular and phenotypic data showed that outcrossing in field plots between a non-transgenic purple marker line and red rice did occur within one field season, but at a low rate of <1%. Similarly, molecular and phenotypic data demonstrated that glufosinate resistance was transferred from the transgenic line to the red rice biotype in the field within one year at a low frequency of 0.3%. Compared to parental lines, the transgenic-red rice hybrids were extremely late, tall, and never set seed during the normal field season. Genetic analyses in all F₂ populations showed glufosinate resistance behaved in a Mendelian fashion as a single, dominant gene. Presence of the bar gene for glufosinate resistance did not increase fitness or seed fecundity in hybrids or subsequent progeny. The genetic analyses and outcrossing results from this study suggest that an effective management program can be developed to prolong the usefulness of transgenic, glufosinate herbicide technology. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

抗草铵膦转基因水稻品种99-1对该除草剂抗性的评价

在温室盆栽试验中 ,评价抗草铵膦转基因水稻品种 99- 1不同叶期对该药的抗性。与非转基因水稻品种越富比较 ,该转基因品种对草铵膦具有较强的抗性。但不同叶期的抗性存在差异 :2叶期的抗性较差 ,1～2 kg.hm-2草铵膦处理时药害较严重 ,生长明显抑制 ;4 - 8叶期的抗性明显增强 ,中毒症状轻 ,即使在高剂量2 kg.hm-2 处理下 ,生物量的积累也不受影响。不同生育期 bar基因表达量、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化与抗性的关系尚需深入研究     

抗除草剂转基因水稻对稻田杂草种群的影响

草铵膦作为抗除草剂转基因水稻的专用除草剂,对千金子、节节菜、陌上菜、丁香蓼、鳢肠、双穗雀稗、四叶萍和水竹叶表现出优良防效,但不能有效防治牛筋草、牛毛毡、矮慈姑、野荸荠和空心莲子草。在田间使用草铵膦可以有效防治早期出苗的无芒稗,但不能防治中后期出苗的莎草科和阔叶类杂草。与常规稻秀水11相比,转基因水稻99 1的每穗实粒数显著高于秀水11,从而获得了更高产量。转基因水稻嘉禾201与亲本丙94 02比较,对稻田主要杂草密度和生物量的影响差异不显著。转基因水稻99 1和嘉禾201对无芒稗的影响因子R显著大于化感潜力品种地谷,但与非化感品种秀水11相当,表明99 1和嘉禾201无化感竞争优势。     

Insecticidal activity of glufosinate through glutamine depletion in a caterpillar

The herbicide glufosinate‐ammonium (GLA) is a competitive inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme converting glutamate to glutamine in both plants and animals. Because GS is essential for ammonia detoxification in plants, GLA treatment disrupts photorespiration by causing a build‐up of ammonia and a loss of glutamine in plant tissues. This study reports that GLA applied to leaf surfaces is also toxic to 5th‐instar caterpillars of the skipper butterfly Calpodes ethlius (LD₅₀ = 400 mg kg⁻¹). After ingesting GLA, caterpillars stopped feeding and became dehydrated through a loss of rectal function. Caterpillars showed symptoms of neurotoxicity, such as proleg tremors, body convulsions and complete paralysis before death. Incubation of several tissues isolated from normal feeding‐stage caterpillars with the GS substrates glutamate and ammonium showed that GLA inhibited GS activity in vitro. Within 24 h of ingesting GLA, caterpillars had a greatly reduced glutamine content and the ammonium ion levels had more than doubled. Injection of ammonium chloride into non‐GLA‐treated caterpillars had no deleterious effect, suggesting that glutamine depletion, and not a rise in body ammonium, was the primary cause of GLA toxicity following GS inhibition. This was supported by the observation that the onset of the symptoms of GLA poisoning could be postponed by giving GLA‐fed caterpillars several subsequent daily injections of glutamine. The effective GLA dose fed to 5th‐instar caterpillars in this study was comparable to the amount that might realistically be acquired from feeding on GLA‐treated crops. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

农药草铵膦产污系数研究

产污系数的研究是第二次全国污染源普查的基础之一。本文选取了两家以格氏工艺生产草铵膦农药原药的企业进行采样和调查,基于废水实测法和废气物料衡算法进行个体产污系数与品种产污系数核算,分析了两家企业产污差异的影响因素。结果表明:企业A的个体产污系数为化学需氧量1.09×106g t-1、氨氮969g t-1、总氮2.10×103g t-1、总磷750g t-1、挥发性有机物1.59×103kg t-1;企业B的个体产污系数为化学需氧量2.34×106g t-1、氨氮53g t-1、总氮795g t-1、总磷124g t-1、挥发性有机物335 kg t-1;品种产污系数为化学需氧量1.73×106g t-1、氨氮499g t-1、总氮1.43×103g t-1、总磷429g t-1、挥发性有机物748kg t-1。通过对两家企业产污系数影响因素的深入分析,发现原辅料的使用与投用量、有机溶剂和设备的使用不同是导致产污水平差异的主要因素。     

全球非选择性除草剂市场分析及预测(2020年)(上)

全球非选择性除草剂主要为草甘膦、草铵膦、百草枯、敌草快,2018年这些产品市场规模为83.2亿美元,它们的市场份额占非选择性除草剂总量95%。计上其它小宗的产品,全球非选择性除草剂市场达到85亿美元左右,这块占全球除草剂市场的32%,可见,非选择性的需求"扮演"着除草剂市场基石的作用。虽然非选择性除草剂市场整体稳定,可产品间表现不一。目前草甘膦市场需求增长疲态已经出现,未来不可能在像其刚出现时那样经历持续增长。草铵膦具有杀草谱广、低毒、内吸好、活性高和环境友好等特点,也是全球第二大转基因作物耐受除草剂,市场份额9.2亿美元,同时,百草枯受到全球广泛性禁用,市场萎缩严重,敌草快市场表现的不温不火。     

Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp) dose-response relationships with clethodim, glufosinate and glyphosate

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of three commercial cultivars, eight experimental cultivars and common bermudagrass to clethodim, glufosinate and glyphosate. Each herbicide was applied at eight doses. Data were regressed on herbicide dose using a log-logistic curve (R2 = 0.56-0.95 for clethodim, R2 = 0.60-0.94 for glufosinate, and R2 = 0.70-0.96 for glyphosate). The herbicide rate that elicited a 50% plant response (I50) in the bermudagrass cultivars ranged from 0.04 to 0.19 kg ha(-1) clethodim, 0.19 to 1.33 kg ha(-1) glufosinate and 0.34 to 1.14 kg ha(-1) glyphosate. Relative to other cultivars, common bermudagrass was intermediate in its response to clethodim and among the most tolerant cultivars to glufosinate and glyphosate. TifSport was relatively tolerant to clethodim and glufosinate compared with other cultivars, but relatively sensitive to glyphosate. One cultivar, 94-437, was consistently among the most sensitive cultivars to each of the herbicides. While there were differential herbicide tolerances among the tested bermudagrass cultivars, there did not appear to be any naturally occurring herbicide resistance that could be commercially utilized. However, research indicated that breeding efforts should target herbicide resistance that is at least four times the registered use rate. Also, TifSport and Tifway have been identified as suitable representatives of triploid hybrid bermudagrass cultivars to be used to evaluate the success of turfgrass renovation programs.     

抗草铵膦转基因作物及其生物安全性研究进展

抗草铵膦转基因作物一般可以承受 2 .0 kg.hm-2 有效量以下的剂量 ,而只要 1.0 kg.hm-2 就可以得到很好的杂草防效。其抗性的稳定性受到环境因子、载体构建和抗性基因导入方法等因素的影响 ;抗性基因可以通过花粉漂移 ;抗性作物与原受体在没有草铵膦作用下有一定的差异。虽然大量文献报道抗草铵膦转基因作物对周围的生态群落没有影响 ,但也发现草铵膦可以致毛虫死亡。抗草铵膦转基因作物的安全性问题具有长期性、复杂性和不可预见性。在应用抗除草剂作物时 ,应特别注意其抗性稳定性 ,将之纳入杂草综合治理体系中     

Genetically manipulated pineapple: transgene stability, gene expression and herbicide tolerance under field conditions

Pineapple plants transformed with the bar gene for bialaphos resistance were evaluated for transgene stability, gene expression and tolerance to glufosinate ammonium, the active ingredient of the herbicide Basta^® X, under field conditions. Genetically modified plants of the cv. Phuket were micropropagated, rooted and established in a shade house before transfer to an experimental plot. Seven months after transfer to the field, plants were tolerant to 1600 ml/rai of the herbicide Basta^® X (stock concentration 15% w/v glufosinate ammonium), this being twice the dose recommended for field application of the herbicide. Genetically modified plants remained green and healthy following spraying with the herbicide. In contrast, non‐transformed pineapple plants of the same cv. became necrotic and died within 21 days of spraying with the herbicide at a reduced concentration of 800 ml/rai. Bar gene stability and expression in clonally‐derived plants were assessed by PCR, RT‐PCR and Southern analyses at 120, 210, 240, 270 and 380 days following transfer of the plants to the field. The bar gene was stable and expressed in transgenic plants throughout the duration of the trial. Fruit characteristics and yield were not affected by transgene introduction and expression. Transgenic plants tolerant to glufosinate ammonium should facilitate more effective weed control in pineapple plantations without damage to the crop.