Body shape variation in two species of darters (Etheostoma,Percidae) and its relation to the environment

Environmental variation can shape phenotypic variation in organisms, but most evidence for trait differentiation comes from analyses of dichotomous habitat types that differ in only one or few key environmental factors. In reality, environmental variation is often more subtle, gradual and multifarious. Here, we investigated geographic variation in body shape of two darter species (Etheostoma spectabile and Etheostoma flabellare; Percidae) that occur along river gradients. This study addressed three specific questions: Is there intraspecific geographic variation in the two species across different sites in the Ozark Highlands of Oklahoma (USA)? Is phenotypic variation across sites correlated with abiotic environmental conditions? Do the two species share site‐specific (i.e. convergent) phenotypic variation in areas where they occur together? Our results indicated significant body shape variation in both species. Population differences in body shape were particularly correlated with variation in substrate composition. The combined analysis of both species indicated a small but significant effect of convergence on body shape wherever they are sympatric; shared variation, however, was not related to any environmental variables included in the analysis. While it remains unclear whether phenotypic variation in these species is due to heritable differentiation or environmentally induced plasticity, our results indicate that even subtle and gradual environmental variation can induce substantial variation in phenotypes on a relatively small spatial scale.     

基于几何模型的绿萝叶片外部表型参数三维估测

为快速高效获取叶类植物叶片的外部表型参数、掌握植株生长状况，以绿萝叶片为研究对象，提出一种基于几何模型的叶长、叶宽与叶面积的三维估测方法。利用微软Kinect V2相机，自80cm高度垂直位姿获取绿萝叶片局部点云，并进行直通滤波去噪与包围盒精简等预处理，测量得到点云外形参数，输入预先建立的SAE网络分类预测得到几何模型参数，并基于曲面参数方程建立叶片几何模型。采用粒子群优化算法计算几何模型离散点云和局部点云间的空间距离，进行空间匹配，利用遗传算法求解最优匹配模型的内部模型参数，输出最优匹配模型的叶长、叶宽与叶面积作为估测结果。实验共采集150片绿萝叶片的局部点云数据，将估测结果和真实值进行数学统计与线性回归分析，得出叶长、叶宽与叶面积估测的平均误差分别为0.46cm、0.41cm和3.42cm2，叶长估测R2和RMSE分别为0.88和0.52cm，叶宽R2和RMSE分别为0.88和0.52cm，叶面积R2和RMSE分别为0.95和3.60cm2。实验表明，该方法对于绿萝叶片外形参数的估测效果较好，具有较高实用价值。     

小量纠偏法在履带甘蔗收获机中的应用

广西柳工机械股份有限公司某款履带式甘蔗收获机样机在直线行走测试过程中出现"跑偏"问题。为了解决该问题,本文采用了小量纠偏法来控制行走电比例阀输出电流进而控制变量马达的排量。该方法将该款机型直线行走误差控制在纠偏前误差的±25%,纠偏效果良好,满足客户需求。     

基于变分法的FY-3C土壤水分产品适用性分析

FY-3C作为我国风云三号首颗业务卫星,其上搭载的微波成像仪(MWRI)可提供全天候土壤水分数据。【目的】获取高质量土壤水分数据可以对合理利用土壤水资源提供参考,为农田干旱监控和预报提供基础参数。【方法】选取山东省农业气象站土壤水分数据对FY-3C土壤水分产品进行检验,为获取更高质量FY-3C土壤水分产品,选用变分订正方法对FY-3C土壤水分产品进行偏差订正。【结果】FY-3C升降轨土壤水分产品与地面站土壤水分相关系数R分别为0.481 6和0.408 2,RMSE分别为0.099 6和0.091 0 cm~3/cm~3。订正后FY-3C升降轨土壤水分产品与地面站土壤水分R分别为0.701 4和0.892 4,RMSE分别为0.021 7和0.011 cm~3/cm~3。对2016年3—4月山东省干旱过程订正前、后FY-3C土壤水分变化情况进行对比,订正后FY-3C土壤水分更准确地反映出此次干旱过程。【结论】FY-3C土壤水分产品可以准确反映土壤水分随时间的变化趋势,订正后FY-3C土壤水分产品与地面站土壤水分间误差减小、相关性提高。     

Unraveling the morphological patterns of a subantarctic eelpout: a geometric morphometric approach

Phenotypic variation in organisms depends on the genotype and the environmental constraints of the habitat that they exploit. Therefore, for marine species inhabiting contrasting aquatic conditions, it is expected to find covariation between the shape and its spatial distribution. We studied the morphology of the head and cephalic sensory canals of the eelpout Austrolycus depressiceps (4.5–22.5 cm TL) across its latitudinal distribution in South Pacific (45°S–55°S). Geometric morphometric analyses show that the shape varied from individuals with larger snout and an extended suborbital canal to individuals with shorter snouts and frontally compressed suborbital canal. There was size variation across the sampled populations, but that size does not have a clear latitudinal gradient. Only 8% of the shape variation relates to this size variation (allometry), represented by a decrease in the relative size of the eye, and a depression of the posterior margin of the head. There were spatial differences in the shape of the head, but these differences were probably caused by allometric effects. Additionally, 2 of the canals of the cephalic lateralis pores and the head shape showed modularity in its development. This study shows that the morphology of marine fish with a shallow distribution varies across distances of hundreds of kilometers (i.e., phenotypic modulation).     

《东北草本植物志》第1卷补正（V）

本节对东北蕨类植物的４科６属１０种２变种进行了补遗和订正，考证了名称及有关文献，讨论了所述分类群与其近亲分类群的区别特征。     

塔城西伯利亚落叶松树轮密度的气候响应研究

根据树轮密度实验的基本原理,选取新疆最具代表性的针叶树种西伯利亚落叶松,设计出一套完整的树轮密度实验流程,对Dendro2003树轮密度分析系统的校正系数进行计算,得出落叶松校正系数为0.761.通过与单芯校正系数的比对,发现在大样本量的条件下,采用此校正系数对树轮密度值进行校正,产生的误差很小,并通过实验获取的密度数...     

不同坐标变换方法对城市复杂下垫面碳通量的影响

利用长沙城市森林生态站2013年1—12月的CO2通量数据,分析了三维超声风速的三种坐标变换结果的差异。结果表明:二次旋转(DR)或三次旋转(TR)变换的Pitch角和Roll角变化幅度远大于平面拟合(PF)变换,且都有明显的方向性;DR和TR变换强迫平均垂直风速为0,不符合城市热岛环流引起的平均垂直风速不为0的事实;DR和TR变换明显改变了摩擦速度的大小;TR变换增大了CO2通量的不确定性。因此,本站的倾斜校正宜采用平面拟合变换。     

为森林资源动态监测的TM影像标准化*

对ＴＭ卫星影像做综合大气校正，可获得地物反射率影像。大气参数是由当地气象记录的内插值导出，再以像幅内黑暗地物做调整。地形模型既可用来调整各参量随高程的变化，又用以校正辐射的地形效应。当无地形模型时，可由卫星影像本身提取入射角。校正后影像便于做资源信息的多时相比较，即动态监测。还可应用校正过程中生成的参数，做林地及其它再生资源的各生物指标的计算。     

中小跨径弯斜桥的几何设计探讨

弯斜桥梁的几何设计思路是影响设计、施工的重要因素，文中提出了桥梁受公路线形制约时的几何布置形式，公路弯斜桥几何设计的特点、类型、方法和影响因素。在不增加设计难度的情况下，通过桥梁的几何布置达到改善公路线形的目的。结合黑龙江省望奎至灵山乡公路桥梁设计的实例加以说明。