GC-MS结合保留指数分析白柠檬油挥发性成分

本文综述了果蔬多酚的分类、成分、含量、抗氧化作用和机理，展望了其发展空间和市场前景，以期为果蔬多酚的应用和开发提供参考。     

Characterizing Spatial Variability of Soil Textural Fractions and Fractal Parameters Derived from Particle Size Distributions

Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental physical property affecting other soil properties. Characterizing spatial variability of soil texture is very important in environmental research. The objectives of this work were: 1) to partition PSD of 75 soil samples, collected from a flat field in the University of Guilan, Iran, into two scaling domains using a piecewise fractal model to evaluate the relationships between fractal dimensions of scaling domains and soil clay, silt, and sand fractions and 2) to assess the potential of fractal parameters as an index used in a geostatistical approach reflecting the spatial variability of soil texture. Features of PSD of soil samples were studied using fractal geometry, and geostatistical techniques were used to characterize the spatial variability of fractal and soil textural parameters. There were two scaling domains for the PSD of soil samples. The fractal dimensions of these two scaling domains (D₁ and D₂) were then used to characterize different ranges of soil particle sizes and their relationships to the soil textural parameters. There was a positive correlation between D₁ and clay content (R² = 0.924), a negative correlation between D₁ and silt content (R² = 0.801), and a negative correlation between D₂ and sand content (R² = 0.913). The geometric mean diameter of soil particles had a negative correlation with D₁ (R² = 0.569) and D₂ (R² = 0.682). Semivariograms of fractal dimensions and soil textural parameters were calculated and the maps of spatial variation of D₁ and D₂ and soil PSD parameters were provided using ordinary kriging. The results showed that there were also spatial correlations between D₁ and D₂ and particle size fractions. According to the semivariogram models and validation parameters, the fractal parameters had powerful spatial structure and could better describe the spatial variability of soil texture.     

征地拆迁、整建制转居与农民财产权 ——基于北京市大兴区北程庄村的调查与思考

对北京市大兴区北程庄村的土地征占、整建制转居和集体经济产权制度改革进行调研发现，乡村在快速城市化进程中的核心问题是维护和发展农民的财产权利。建议从根本上改变现行的征地思维和征地制度，保障两种土地公有制的平等地位；落实户籍制度改革，全面取消农转居政策；实行集体土地与国有土地同样可以开发建设城市的政策制度；及时撤销“三无村”或“空壳村”的村委会建制，完善撤制乡村集体资产处置办法。     

热碱致魔芋胶与黄原胶共混凝胶的显微结构与流变规律

【目的】探究魔芋胶与黄原胶混合溶胶体系在碱性条件下的凝胶形成机理与凝胶特性,为魔芋胶与黄原胶相关凝胶食品的开发提供理论依据。【方法】在总多糖浓度约为2.0%的条件下,配制不同黄原胶与魔芋胶比例的混合溶胶体系,添加2.0%的Na₂CO₃,并于90℃条件下恒温处理各溶胶体系2 h,冷却至室温后制得不同黄原胶与魔芋胶配比的复合凝胶。通过测定复合凝胶添加碳酸钠前后的凝胶破裂强度,揭示热碱处理对混合凝胶破裂强度的影响。分别测定去离子水浸泡、2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡以及冻融处理后凝胶破裂强度的变化情况,并结合扫描电镜观测凝胶的微观形貌,探究复合凝胶的凝胶特性。此外,通过流变学手段进一步研究黄原胶与魔芋胶复合凝胶网络的形成机制。【结果】在室温（20℃）条件下,非热碱处理的魔芋胶与黄原胶最佳协同比为5﹕5,热碱处理后的魔芋胶与黄原胶最佳协同比增加至7﹕3,原因可能是魔芋胶碱化后分子链上脱去部分乙酰基,形成分子间三维网络结构,但在随后的冷却过程中,与黄原胶协同结合位点减少,因此在达到最大协同比时,需要更多数目的魔芋胶分子参与。此外,经去离子水和2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后,所有凝胶体系的破裂强度都有所降低,其中经过2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后的凝胶破裂强度下降更为明显。冻融处理后,复合凝胶均出现明显的析水现象,魔芋胶比例越高,析水现象越明显。进一步探究魔芋胶与黄原胶共混体系在2.0% Na₂CO₃浓度、90℃条件下的凝胶化过程,发现随黄原胶添加量增加,凝胶化速率呈减小趋势。此外,凝胶弹性模量在90—60℃呈降低趋势,60℃以下逐渐上升。【结论】在90℃条件下碱处理魔芋胶与黄原胶共混体系时,诱导体系形成热不可逆凝胶。当降低该体系的温度时,黄原胶分子在60℃时开始与魔芋胶网络结合,增加了凝胶的弹性模量。当魔芋胶与黄原胶比例为7﹕3时,室温下混合凝胶的破裂强度最大。经去离子水和2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后,凝胶强度均有所降低。魔芋胶与黄原胶形成的复合凝胶在一定条件下可以改善单纯碱法诱导的魔芋胶凝胶析水多、强度差等缺点。     

‘72杨’韧皮部的构造与理化性能

将‘72杨’、杉木和毛竹的木质部进行对比试验,观察并测试‘72杨’韧皮部的解剖构造以及理化特性,为其高值化利用提供基础数据。使用场发射环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等设备和NREL标准对‘72杨’韧皮部的微观结构、结晶度、化学成分等物化性质进行测定与分析。研究结果表明,‘72杨’韧皮部中韧皮薄壁细胞和筛管分子占细胞总面积的(81.9±1.8)%,结构相对简单。‘72杨’韧皮部气干密度为0.358 g/cm3,绝干密度为0.321 g/cm3;而木质部的相应密度较高,分别为0.497和0.482 g/cm3;‘72杨’韧皮部结晶度仅为19.4%,比木质部低8.7%。‘72杨’韧皮部纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量分别为28.7%,11.1%,24.1%,均低于木质部中相应成分的含量,且木质化程度低,半纤维素以木糖为主。此外,由红外谱图发现‘72杨’韧皮部含有单宁、酚类、胼胝质等物质。‘72杨’韧皮部具有低密多孔、结构疏松、结晶度低、木质素含量低、抽提物含量高等特点。因此,‘72杨’韧皮部特别有利于机械(能耗低)或化学(抗降解屏障低)降解以及物化改性(多孔、可及性强),可提取酚类、单宁、胼胝质等物质用于工业应用,研究结果可为‘72杨’韧皮部的高值化利用提供重要的理论依据。     

我国2004-2015年交通事故影响因素实证研究

我国每年因交通事故造成巨额生命财产损失，严重危害公民健康，给经济建设和社会和谐稳定带来重要影响.道路交通安全处于动态平衡过程，经济因素对道路交通安全有重要影响.该文研究2004-2015年交通事故伤亡人数变化规律，并运用统计学分析方法，探索GDP、人均可支配收入、汽车拥有量、交通投资、道路通车里程和直接财产损失等因素变化对交通事故伤亡人数变化的影响.结果表明：国内生产总值、汽车拥有量、交通投资、道路通车里程等影响因素变化率与道路交通事故死亡人数增长率有显著相关性，其中国内生产总值、道路交通投资和道路通车里程增长率与道路交通事故死亡人数增长率呈负相关，而汽车拥有量与道路交通死亡人数增长率呈正相关.     

尾叶桉与赤桉正反析因交配杂种F_1材性遗传参数的估算

[目的]通过尾叶桉与赤桉杂种F1材质性状的遗传参数估算及其分析,为桉树杂交育种材性改良亲本选配和交配设计提供理论依据。[方法]以尾叶桉与赤桉6×6正反析因交配杂种F1测定林为材料,并以相应亲本自由授粉的半同胞子代作对照。9年生时,对各小区的杂种和家系(5株小区,6次重复)选取2株平均木,在胸高1. 3 m处沿南北向钻取木芯,共984个,测定木材基本密度、纤维长、纤维宽和纤维长宽比,利用ASReml-R估算4个材质指标的特殊配合力、杂种优势、父母本单株狭义遗传力、遗传相关和表型相关系数。[结果]表明:尾叶桉与赤桉正反交的杂种木材基本密度优于对照,呈明显的杂种优势;反交组合杂种其木材基本密度优于正交组合杂种,正交组合杂种的纤维特性优于反交组合的;在正交组合杂种中,木材基本密度、纤维长和纤维长宽比的母本效应低于父本效应;而反交组合杂种中,4个材质指标的母本效应均高于父本效应。木材基本密度和纤维特性指标受中至低遗传控制。正反交组合杂种中,除纤维长宽比外,其余3个材质指标的显性效应大于加性效应。对于遗传相关,杂种的木材基本密度与纤维宽呈极显著的负相关,与纤维长宽比呈极显著的正相关,与纤维长呈不显著负相关,纤维长与纤维宽呈显著正相关。对于表型相关,除纤维宽与纤维长宽比呈不显著正相关外,其余性状间均呈极显著正相关。[结论]尾叶桉与赤桉杂种的材质性状遗传差异因亲本和交配方式而异,表明通过种间杂交和正向选择进行材质性状的遗传改良具有潜力。     

晋北丘陵风沙区不同植被恢复模式的水土保持效应

通过对山西右玉贾家窑阳坡退耕还林约20年后的4种植被恢复模式(自然恢复草地、油松林、柠条灌丛和油松—柠条林)土壤水分、理化性质、径流量和侵蚀量的测定,探讨了不同植被恢复模式的水土保持效应。结果表明:(1)4种植被恢复模式0—100cm土层土壤平均含水量无显著差异,油松林和自然恢复草地的土壤容重高于油松—柠条林和柠条灌丛,土壤总孔隙度的变化趋势与容重相反;(2)4种植被恢复模式0—20cm土层土壤粒度组成、pH、有机质、铵态氮和速效磷无显著差异,硝态氮和速效钾差异明显(P0.05);(3)4种植被恢复模式径流量没有明显差异,但土壤侵蚀量自然恢复草地和油松林显著高于柠条灌丛和油松—柠条林(P0.05);(4)覆盖度相似条件下,根系密度、近地表植被盖度和枯枝落叶层厚度是影响林草植被水土保持效应的主要因素。     

Effect of Bacillus cereus as a water or feed additive on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×10⁵ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.