5种植物源农药对食用菌生产中脉孢霉抑制效果研究

脉孢霉（Neurospora）是食用菌栽培中常见竞争性杂菌，其感染率高而且传播迅速，致使培养基质大量报废、菌袋成品率下降及栽培场所污染。从香菇栽培料中分离鉴定出好食脉孢霉（N.sitophila)菌株，采用药剂平板方法分析6个稀释浓度植物源农药对脉孢霉菌丝的生长抑制效果。结果表明：供试5种农药中，高于500倍稀释浓度药液均可对供试菌株生长产生显著抑制，抑菌率为55%~100%。其中丁子香酚和乙蒜素抑菌率最高，同为100%；印楝素抑菌率最低，为55%。值得一提的是，丁子香酚的1 000倍和2 000倍稀释液平板抑菌率也达100%，乙蒜素同浓度稀释液抑菌率与其相近。以上结果说明：乙蒜素和丁子香酚可作为食用菌脉孢霉绿色防控的优选植物源农药。     

不同新型作用机制杀菌剂对梨树主要病菌毒力及防治流程应用

 为明确多种新型作用机制杀菌剂与引起梨树褐斑病、黑星病、白粉病等病原菌的有效对靶关系及制定梨树主要病害防治流程,采用菌丝生长速率法、离体叶片法与田间药效方法研究新型杀菌剂对靶标病原菌的毒力、对靶标病害的防效及其田间有效应用,建立替代梨树主要病害传统化学杀菌剂的防治流程技术。结果显示,双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐在离体叶片法下对褐斑病的防效大于85%,田间药效验证3次用药后7 d防效大于85%、30 d防效大于80%、90 d防效仍大于60%,兼治轮纹病菌其毒力EC₅₀值均小于1 μg·mL^-1。双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐、辛菌胺醋酸盐、吩嗪α-2羧酸在离体叶片法下对黑星病防效大于90%且毒力EC₅₀值小于1 μg·mL^-1;田间药效验证1次用药后7 d防效大于80%、30 d防效仍大于75%。噻肟菌酯、硝苯菌酯、丙硫菌唑在离体叶片法下对白粉病的防效大于85%;田间药效验证3次用药后7 d铲除效果大于70%、30 d仍大于60%。丙硫菌唑对黑斑、轮纹病菌毒力EC₅₀值均小于1 μg·mL^-1;吩嗪α-2羧酸同时对褐斑、黑斑、轮纹病菌毒力EC₅₀值小于1 μg·mL^-1。针对梨树主要病害发生期,选用新型杀菌剂替代传统杀菌剂制定防治技术流程,其综合防效达到88.94%。不同新型作用机制杀菌剂在防治梨树主要病害上的应用,能够降低抗药性产生,同时达到有效防治的目的。     

甜瓜叶斑病病原鉴定及室内药剂筛选

【目的】明确近年来引起甘肃大棚甜瓜叶斑病的病原,为该病害的有效防治提供参考依据。【方法】本试验分别采用组织分离法、单孢分离法和生长速率法,对甜瓜叶斑病病原菌及其物学特性和室内药剂筛选进行了研究。【结果】将引起甜瓜叶斑病病原菌病原菌鉴定为多隔链格孢(Alternaira peponicola( Rabenhorst ) simmous)和瓜链格孢(Alternaria cucumerina(Ell.et Ev.)Elliott.)；这两种链格孢生长的最适温度为30℃、光照、适宜培养基分别为完全光照、甜瓜煎汁培养基和完全黑暗、PDA；室内药剂筛选发现不同药剂对不同病原菌抑菌率不同,其中10%苯醚甲环唑、40%氟硅唑、50%福美双、70%代森锰锌对多隔链格孢菌抑菌率均在84%以上,分别为96.66%、94.46%、90.82%、84.37%,其EC₅₀分别为17.89μg/mL、3.41μg/mL、44.27μg/mL、42.34μg/mL；50%醚菌酯、43%戊唑醇、40%腈菌唑对瓜链格孢抑菌作用较好,抑菌率均在85%以上,分别为98.20%、90.82%、85.43%,其EC₅₀分别为3.45μg/mL、21.35μg/mL、5.21μg/mL。【结论】研究结果为甜瓜叶斑病的有效防治提供了依据。     

复合高效配方药剂对甘蔗褐条病防控效果评价

为了筛选防控甘蔗褐条病的复合高效配方药剂及精准施药技术,选用多菌灵、苯菌灵、百菌清、嘧菌脂、吡唑醚菌脂、苯甲嘧菌酯进行田间药效试验。结果表明,（50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1500 g+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1500 g+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²、（50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂1500 g+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1500 g+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²和（25%吡唑醚菌脂悬浮剂600 mL+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²等3个配方药剂对甘蔗褐条病均具有良好的防治效果,其病指均在14.02以下,防效均达84.41%以上。本研究显示3个配方药剂是防控甘蔗褐条病理想的复合高效配方药剂,可在7—8月人工和无人机飞防叶面喷施,7~10天喷1次,连喷2次。     

Target and non-target site mechanisms of fungicide resistance and their implications for the management of crop pathogens

Fungicides are indispensable for high-quality crops, but the rapid emergence and evolution of fungicide resistance have become the most important issues in modern agriculture. Hence, the sustainability and profitability of agricultural production have been challenged due to the limited number of fungicide chemical classes. Resistance to site-specific fungicides has principally been linked to target and non-target site mechanisms. These mechanisms change the structure or expression level, affecting fungicide efficacy and resulting in different and varying resistance levels. This review provides background information about fungicide resistance mechanisms and their implications for developing anti-resistance strategies in plant pathogens. Here, our purpose was to review changes at the target and non-target sites of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, methyl-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides, demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides and to evaluate if they may also be associated with a fitness cost on crop pathogen populations. The current knowledge suggests that understanding fungicide resistance mechanisms can facilitate resistance monitoring and assist in developing anti-resistance strategies and new fungicide molecules to help solve this issue. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

药剂防治橡胶树外褐型死皮病试验

三种药物防治橡胶树割线外褐型死皮病3年的试验结果:B药物防效最好,防效为69.5%和70.4%,干胶净增产率5.2%;其次为“保-01”,防效为49.9%和43.8%,干胶净增产率9.1%;最差为A药物,防效为3.5%和26.8%,干胶净增产率0.1%,     

Derivation and testing of a model to predict selection for fungicide resistance

A mathematical model was derived to predict selection for fungicide resistance in foliar pathogens of cereal crops. The model was tested against independent data from four field experiments quantifying selection for the G143A mutation conferring resistance to a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide in powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Fungicide treatments with azoxystrobin differed in the total applied dose and spray number. For each treatment, we calculated the observed selection ratio as the ratio of the frequency of the resistant strain after the last and before the first spray. The model accurately predicted the variation in observed selection ratios with total applied fungicide dose and number of sprays for three of the four experiments. Underprediction of selection ratios in one experiment was attributed to the particularly late epidemic onset in that experiment. When the equation representing epidemic development was modified to account for the late epidemic, predicted and observed selection ratios at that site were in close agreement. On a scatter plot of observed selection ratios on predicted selection ratios, for all four experiments, the 1:1 line explained 89–92% of the variance in the mean of observed selection ratios. To our knowledge, this is the first fungicide resistance model for plant pathogens to be rigorously tested against field data. The model can be used with some degree of confidence, to identify anti‐resistance treatment strategies which are likely to be effective and would justify the resources required for experimental testing.     

杨梅褐斑病防治药剂的筛选与应用及其对嘧菌酯敏感基线的建立

采用菌丝生长速率法，测定了11种杀菌剂对杨梅褐斑病菌的离体抑菌活性，结果表明，嘧菌酯的抑制活性最强，EC50值为0.96 mg/L；百菌清的活性最弱，EC50值为69.24 mg/L；其余药剂的抑制活性依次为吡唑醚菌酯＞氟硅唑>腈菌唑>抑霉唑>戊唑醇>咪鲜胺>喹啉铜>代森锰锌>多菌灵，EC50值在3.25～68.73 mg/L之间。林间试验结果表明，嘧菌酯对杨梅褐斑病具有很好的控制效果，其防效显著优于喹啉铜和多菌灵。进一步的研究结果表明，供试100株杨梅褐斑病菌对嘧菌酯的EC50值在0.15～2.17 mg/L之间，呈近似正态的连续分布，其平均EC50值为0.97?.22 mg/L，可作为该病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性基线，用于田间抗药性监测。     

黄瓜种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

采用离体平皿法对10个品种的黄瓜种子进行带菌检测,并测定5种杀菌剂和1种种衣剂对种子的消毒处理效果。结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉属(Pen icilliumspp.)、根霉属(Rhizopusspp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillusspp.)、枝孢属(C ladosporiumspp.)、交链孢属(Alternariaspp.)和镰孢霉属(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为根霉属、曲霉属、枝孢属和镰孢霉属;不同品种的种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,而种子内部寄藏的真菌种类差异不明显;种壳带菌率一般高于种仁带菌率。15%噁.霜.福悬浮种衣剂、适乐时和福美双对种子的消毒效果优于甲霜灵、多菌灵、噁霉灵等供试药剂。