茶树植保机械及减量施药技术研究进展

农药防治是茶树病虫害综合防治的重要组成部分,其在病虫害突发或爆发时具有快速高效的防治优势。茶树叶片表面具有亲水性,常量施药会造成茶叶农残超标、生态环境破坏等问题,实现茶树减量施药是减少茶叶农残的有效手段。系统综述了茶树生物特性、茶树病虫害预测诊断及防治方法、茶树植保机械及施药技术,强调提高茶树低容量喷雾的农药有效利用率是实现茶树减量施药的关键。针对目前茶园地面工况复杂及农药利用率低的问题,本文从低容量仿形喷雾机、茶树病虫害喷雾决策及智能终端等六个方面提出茶树病虫害施药技术及装备的研究建议,指出低量化、精准化及智能化是未来茶树植保喷雾机械及施药技术的发展方向。     

氟吡菌酰胺不同施药方式对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫的防治效果

为评价41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂防治水稻拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola的应用潜力，将氟吡菌酰胺与吡虫啉种衣剂混合后采用种子包衣法及喷洒法研究其对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫的田间防效，并测定了不同施药方法对水稻生长和产量的影响。结果表明，氟吡菌酰胺4.2、8.3、12.5 g（a.i.）/kg种子与吡虫啉18.0 g（a.i.）/kg种子混合包衣处理，播种后35 d其根结抑制率和防效分别为41.0%~51.8%和47.4%~58.6%，土壤中2龄幼虫减退率为38.6%~40.4%，显著高于单施吡虫啉18.0 g（a.i.）/kg种子处理。水稻播种后连续3次以氟吡菌酰胺250.2、375.3、500.4 g（a.i.）/hm²进行土壤喷洒，最后1次施药后7 d，其根结抑制率和防效分别为81.0%~89.9%和65.9%~74.3%，土壤中2龄幼虫减退率为65.4%~73.4%，均显著高于对照药剂克百威1 800.0 g（a.i.）/hm²处理。氟吡菌酰胺各处理对水稻苗期生长均有较好的保护作用，能显著提高千粒重和有效穗数，产量比空白对照增加50.0%~61.2%，保产效果显著。水稻播种后35 d采用氟吡菌酰胺对稻田进行1次喷洒，对水稻具有一定的保护作用，保产效果不明显。表明采用氟吡菌酰胺与吡虫啉混合包衣种子处理及在水稻苗期进行喷洒处理对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫防效显著，具有显著的保产效果。     

植保无人机旋翼下洗气流对喷幅的影响研究

基于XV-2植保无人机,利用流体仿真,探究了该无人机旋翼下洗气流的速度分布特性。在此基础上,分析了在下洗气流影响下的雾滴运动方式,并进行实地测试。仿真分析说明:旋翼下洗气流从中心向外的流速差使流场从上向下有向外的铺展效应,使得喷幅增大,且喷幅与飞行高度成正比;旋翼外沿的卷扬气流使得喷幅范围内的雾滴沉积数出现2个峰值。试验结果表明:当飞行高度为6 m时,有效喷幅为10 m;飞行高度8 m时,有效喷幅为12 m。2种飞行高度下的雾滴分布均匀性基本一致。试验结果与仿真结果基本一致。研究结果可为无人机喷雾系统设计和航空植保作业参数的选择提供参考依据。     

Foliar nematode,Litylenchus crenatae ssp. mccannii,population dynamics in leaves and buds of beech leaf disease‐affected trees in Canada and the US

A foliar nematode, Litylenchus crenatae ssp. mccannii, is associated with beech leaf disease (BLD) symptoms. Information about the types of tissues parasitized and how nematode populations fluctuate in these tissues over time is needed to improve surveys as well as understand the nematodes role in BLD. During this study, the nematode was detected throughout the known range of BLD by researchers at both Canadian and US institutions using a modified pan method to extract nematodes. Monthly collections of symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves during the growing season (May–October), and leaves and buds between growing seasons (November–March), revealed that nematodes were present in all tissue types. Progressively larger numbers of nematodes were detected in symptomatic leaves from Ohio and Ontario, with the greatest detections at the end of the growing season. Smaller numbers of nematodes were detected in asymptomatic leaves from BLD‐infected trees, typically at the end of the growing season. The nematode was detected overwintering in buds and detached leaves. The discovery of small numbers of nematodes in detached leaves at one location before BLD was detected indicates that nematodes may have been present before disease symptoms were expressed. Other nematodes, Plectus and Aphelenchoides spp., were infrequently detected in small numbers. Our findings support the involvement of the nematode in BLD and indicate that symptoms develop only when certain requirements, such as infection of buds, are met. We also found that the nematode can be reliably detected in buds and leaves using the modified pan extraction method.     

喷施不同形态锰肥对叶用油菜镉累积及亚细胞分布的影响

为探明喷施锰肥对叶用油菜累积镉的调控作用,采用盆栽试验,研究喷施不同浓度的MnSO_4、Mn(CH_3COO)_2和EDTA·Na_2Mn对两种叶用油菜(Cd低积累品种华骏和普通品种寒绿)生物量以及Cd和Mn含量的影响,并通过分析Cd在叶用油菜体内的吸收转运规律以及亚细胞分布特征揭示其作用机理。结果表明,喷施3种形态Mn肥对Cd低积累叶用油菜地上部和根部生物量无显著影响,喷施高浓度Mn(CH_3COO)_2和EDTA·Na_2Mn显著降低普通叶用油菜地上部生物量。喷施MnSO_4和Mn(CH_3COO)_2处理降低叶用油菜Cd含量、提高Mn含量的效果明显优于EDTA·Na_2Mn处理,其中,0.4 g·L~(-1)Mn的MnSO_4和0.2 g·L~(-1)Mn的Mn(CH_3COO)_2处理降低Cd低积累叶用油菜地上部Cd含量的效果最佳,可使其分别降低29.2%和31.0%。喷施Mn肥显著降低叶用油菜总Cd累积量,使Cd转运系数显著升高,叶用油菜地上部Cd含量与总Cd累积量呈极显著的相关性(P0.01),而与Cd转运系数则无显著相关性。Cd和Mn在叶用油菜地上部主要分布在细胞可溶组分中,其次为细胞壁。喷施Mn肥后,Cd和Mn在细胞壁组分的分配比例降低,在可溶组分的分配比例升高。总之,喷施0.4 g·L~(-1)Mn的MnSO_4和0.2 g·L~(-1)Mn的Mn(CH_3COO)_2可以显著降低低积累叶用油菜地上部Cd含量,提高其Mn含量,同时不影响叶用油菜生长,是保障Cd低积累叶用油菜安全优质生产的较好措施。     

柴油机喷雾特性对喷油和环境参数响应灵敏度分析

为了解柴油喷雾特性对喷油和环境参数(背景温度、密度)响应灵敏度,利用高速摄影直拍、纹影技术和自编的图像处理程序,分析了喷雾特性对喷油参数(喷射压力、喷孔直径)响应灵敏度。结合灵敏度分析结果,对比了喷油参数(喷射压力、喷孔直径)和环境参数(背景温度、背景密度)对喷雾特性影响程度的大小。研究结果表明:在背景温度304~770 K,背景密度13~26 kg/m3,喷孔直径0.18~0.26 mm,喷射压力120~160 MPa范围内,雾注气相体积百分比对背景温度响应灵敏度最大,其次是喷孔直径和喷油压力,背景密度最小;雾注平均过量空气系数对喷孔直径响应灵敏度最大,喷油压力略小,其次是背景温度和背景密度。     

叶面肥的科学使用方法

阐述叶面肥的类型、优势、缺点、施用时机、使用方法,以供参考。     

柑橘喷施叶面肥对柑橘木虱､柑橘潜叶蛾和炭疽病发生的影响

柑橘生产上叶面肥的使用很普遍?为了评估喷施叶面肥对柑橘新梢期的主要害虫柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri和柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella发生?为害的影响, 本文分别在养虫笼和网室条件下调查了以上2种害虫对喷不同叶面肥(尿素?复合氨基酸和葡萄糖)砂糖橘苗木的选择和为害, 以及柑橘炭疽病发生情况?试验结果表明:从木虱成虫选择性和产卵两个方面来看, 不同喷施处理的砂糖橘对木虱的吸引作用表现为尿素>复合氨基酸>葡萄糖>清水对照, 其中尿素和复合氨基酸处理吸引作用显著高于对照?喷施3种叶面肥后潜叶蛾为害程度均显著高于对照, 以葡萄糖处理的为害率和受害指数最高?另外, 尿素和复合氨基酸处理苗木的柑橘炭疽病病叶率和病情指数显著高于对照, 复合氨基酸处理病叶率显著高于葡萄糖?说明喷尿素?复合氨基酸叶面肥对柑橘木虱有较强的吸引作用, 同时加重柑橘炭疽病?另外, 与对照相比, 喷施3种叶面肥均能加重潜叶蛾的为害, 尤其是葡萄糖?     

基于农林植物表型的智能喷雾机械研究进展

传统喷雾机械通常仅关注无生命的机械作业性能，而忽略了有生命的植物因素，造成喷雾机械智能化水平不高。文中在分析农林植物表型对喷雾机械设计方法和喷雾性能影响的基础上，系统综述国内外开展的智能喷雾机械研究，提出基于植物表型的智能喷雾机械设计方法研究展望，探讨分析基于农林植物表型特征参数的新型、高水平智能化喷雾机械，并指出农林植物表型技术的发展必将推动绿色智能喷雾机械的创新。     

Monitoring of eucalyptus sprouts control using digital images obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle

This study evaluated the effectiveness of chemical control for eradicating eucalyptus sprouts using images obtained with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The study was carried out in eucalyptus plantations in Itabela, BA, in replanting areas during pre-planting application of herbicide. Aerial images obtained by a UAV were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the herbicide application for sprouts control. After the images were acquired, they were processed to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and submitted to a supervised classification to quantify the percentage reduction of sprout green matter. The percentage data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The differences, both visual and average percentages were observed only during the evaluation period with no evident effect of the treatments on sprout control. The images provided by the UAV allowed to monitor and identify visually the plots where biomass reduced or increased and to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical control of eucalyptus sprouts, indicating areas where it was nonexistent, partial or total.