渔业数据失真对两种非平衡剩余产量模型评估结果的影响比较

为了研究渔业数据失真对两种非平衡剩余产量模型评估结果的影响,以南大西洋长鳍金枪鱼渔业产量和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)数据作为基础数据,加入5种不同程度[变异系数(CV)=1%、5%、10%、20%和30%]的随机误差,模拟了(1)无数据失真,(2)仅产量数据失真,(3)仅CPUE数据失真,(4)产量和CPUE数据均失真等4种情况。利用基于ASPIC的非平衡剩余产量模型(ASM)和基于贝叶斯状态空间建模方法的非平衡剩余产量模型(BSM)分别评估了最大可持续产量(MSY)、B_(MSY)、F_(MSY)、B_(2011)/B_(MSY)、F2011/F_(MSY)等5种生物学参考点和管理指标。结果显示,在无数据失真情况下,ASM和BSM评估的MSY分别为2.866×10~4 t和2.836×10~4 t,B_(2011)/B_(MSY)分别为1.366和1.324,F2011/F_(MSY)分别为0.627和0.667,均相差不大,表明该渔业目前状态良好,ASM得到了较大的B_(MSY)(31.48×10~4 t)和较小的F_(MSY)(0.091);数据失真对ASM评估的B_(MSY)和F_(MSY)分别产生了严重的过低估计和过高估计,且CPUE数据失真产生的影响要比产量数据失真大;随着随机误差的增大,BSM评估的生物学参考点和管理指标的绝对百分比偏差有增大趋势;与ASM相比,BSM能够更好地处理渔业数据中存在的随机误差,除了MSY以外,BSM评估的生物学参考点和管理指标绝对百分比偏差均要比ASM的评估结果低,尤其是B_(MSY)和F_(MSY)。因此,在使用存在较大随机误差的渔业数据进行资源评估时,BSM具有一定的优势。     

基于大型渔业平台的深远海渔业发展现状与思考

基于渔业产业现状,分析国内外在大型渔业平台、深海网箱和养殖工船方面的发展现状,提出“游弋式”养殖工船及深远海渔业的基本概念。受限于投资成本、技术发展水平等客观因素,中国深远海养殖发展速度缓慢,但近年来取得了一定的发展成效。笔者针对现阶段渔业粗放型生产方式的现状,从国家战略、渔业改革和产业需求等角度分析深远海渔业发展的必要性,认为发展以养殖工船为代表的深远海大型渔业平台是实现渔业强国之路的有效途径之一,走出一条符合中国国情的深远海渔业平台的开发之路势在必行。     

Movements and behaviors of swordfish Xiphias gladius in the United States Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area

This study reports on the movements of swordfish tagged within the Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area (PLCA), an expansive region (>500,000 km²) off the U.S. West Coast that has been seasonally restricted to drift‐gillnet fishing since 2001 to reduce leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coricea) interactions. Thirteen swordfish were outfitted with satellite‐linked archival tags scheduled for short (2–20 days, n = 11) and longer‐term (150 days, n = 2) data collection. All tags were deployed on basking swordfish using traditional harpoon‐based methods during the fall of 2012–2013, near offshore seamounts (35.6°N/122.9°W to 37.4°N/123.5°W). Depth and temperature data from 11 swordfish (~90 to 150 kg) resulted in <251 days of movement information from the PLCA region. All tagged individuals exhibited surface‐oriented nocturnal movements, spending >99% of the night above the average thermocline depth (37.5 m), with an average night depth of 8.3 ± 1.6 m. Daytime depth distribution was greater and more variable (mean 107.1 ± 21.2 m), with fish primarily displaying three behavioral patterns: (i) basking activity, 16.7% of the day, (ii) a mixed‐layer distribution between 3 m and the thermocline (26.8% of the day), and (iii) prolonged dives below the thermocline, 56.5% of the day. For seven of the tracks, daytime basking rates increased when thermocline depth was <37 m. As fish moved offshore, there was less variability in vertical movements with a reduction in both basking activity and mixed layer occupancy, as well as an increase in average daytime depth. These data are discussed with respect to the potential development of alternative fishery options for the PLCA.     

中国新时代近海捕捞渔业资源养护政策研究

近年,近海捕捞资源呈衰退甚至枯竭之势,1978-2016年近海渔业资源整体恶化了1.57倍,"近海无鱼"成为社会焦点。研究了新时代加强近海捕捞渔业资源养护政策的紧迫性、现有政策及存在的问题、养护政策的方向与建议。结果表明:近海渔业资源持续衰退的主要原因是现有养护政策缺乏捕捞主体主动参与扩大增量、降低产量的激励相容机制;新时代从资源功能定位、实施重大工程、自然资源监管体制等为近海渔业资源养护政策指明了方向;未来养护政策应改革近海捕捞渔业产权制度(赋予排他权利、激励捕捞主体维护资源和防止外来者破坏的积极性)、推进渔民退捕工程(退捕者生态补偿、转产转业,非退捕者征收税费)、渔业资源自然保护区(改革资源保护监管体制,理顺三大关系)。该研究有利于改进现有养护政策和保护与恢复近海渔业资源,可为有关部门提供决策参考。     

渤海底拖网主要渔业生物类别时空分布的初步研究

为研究目前渤海主要渔业生物的时空关系,文章依据2014年~2015年渤海双船底拖网4个季度调查数据,初步分析了渤海三类主要渔获物(鱼类、甲壳类和头足类)的水平空间分布特点、空间距离及四季变化特征。结果显示,三类生物的主要分布区水平方向上存在空间分化现象,且随着三类生物集中分布区聚集程度的提高,空间分化现象越来越明显。三类生物的水平空间分布距离在季节上表现出夏、秋季(平均欧氏距离,夏季为75.91;秋季为44.76)较远,冬、春季(冬季为8.55;春季为11.81)较近的特点。三类生物间,头足类与甲壳类的距离相对较近(平均欧氏距离,24.44),而头足类与鱼类(40.07)、鱼类与甲壳类(38.27)的距离相对较远。     

用液相色谱串联质谱法测定渔业水样中6种农药的含量

本文建立了一种快速检测渔业水质样本中酰胺类除草剂乙草胺、丙草胺、丁草胺、三嗪类除草剂莠去津、烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪、三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑6种农药含量的液相色谱串联质谱法。采用乙腈-水-甲酸梯度洗脱、电喷雾电离方式、多反应监测模式测定考察检出限、线性范围、日内精密度及日间精密度。在三种加标浓度下,该方法的回收率为78.2%~104.7%。用液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱对疑似目标物质进行定性,用精确质量数、同位素丰度比和二级碎片解析方式等解析定性结构。该方法能够满足检测这六种农药的要求,能准确定性,自建的谱库可为渔业污染事故鉴定和水产品质量安全风险评估做支撑。     

投饲范围可控的自动投饲机研究

为解决水产养殖用投饲机投饲范围固定、投饲不均匀、饲料利用率低及污染严重等问题,提出并研制了基于气力输送和单片机控制的投饲范围可控的自动投饲机.根据其工作原理,对该自动投饲机的供料系统、抛撒系统和控制系统进行了设计,采用气力作为供料能源,喷嘴和凸台组合作为抛撒机构,选用STC90C516RD+作为控制单元.工作过程表明,与传统投饲机相比,该自动投饲机具有结构简单、饲料不易破碎、饲料利用率高、噪声污染小等特点,并可实现对投饲范围的调节和控制,达到预期投饲范围调节和均匀投饲的效果.     

黄河干流陕西段鱼类种类组成及群落多样性

为了解黄河陕西段鱼类种类组成及群落结构,2013-2015年调查了黄河陕西段鱼类资源。结果显示:黄河陕西段有鱼类7目15科58种,其中鲤科鱼类最多为36种,占总种类数的61.1%,较20世纪80年代减少了6种。优势种有4种,数量占渔获物总数量50.3%,生物量占65.8%。分析渔获物组成和群落多样性,黄河陕西段鱼类年龄、个体规格小型化趋势明显,不同河段鱼类群落存在明显空间差异,府谷段多样性指数最高,群落结构稳定,港口段丰富度指数最高,资源种类较多,港口和壶口的鱼类群落结构没有相似性。     

Large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure in the longest tropical river in Asia

Although the Mekong River is one of the world's 35 biodiversity hot spots, the large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure remain poorly addressed. This study aimed to investigate the fish distribution patterns in the Lower Mekong River (LMR) and to identify their environmental determinants. Daily fish catch data (i.e. from December 2000 to November 2001) at 38 sites distributed along the LMR were related to 15 physicochemical and 19 climatic variables. As a result, four different clusters were defined according to the similarity in assemblage composition and 80 indicator species were identified. While fish species richness was highest in the Mekong delta and lowest in the upper part of the LMR, the diversity index was highest in the middle part of the LMR and lowest in the delta. We found that fish assemblages changed along the environmental gradients and that the main drivers affecting the fish assemblage structure were the seasonal variation of temperature, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, pH and total phosphorus. Specifically, upstream assemblages were characterised by cyprinids and Pangasius catfish, well suited to low temperature, high dissolved oxygen and high pH. Fish assemblages in the delta were dominated by perch‐like fish and clupeids, more tolerant to high temperatures, and high levels of nutrients (nitrates and total phosphorus) and salinity. Overall, the patterns were consistent between seasons. Our study contributes to establishing the first holistic fish community study in the LMR.     

基于生活史特征的数据有限条件下渔业资源评估方法比较

渔业资源评估是开展渔业资源管理,维系渔业可持续发展的基础工作。传统的渔业资源评估方法需要统计产量、资源丰度指数甚至年龄结构等大量数据,由于调查经费和数据的缺乏,全球仅1%的鱼种进行过系统性的资源评估。近年来,在数据有限(data-limited)条件下如何开展资源评估已日益成为学术界的关注热点。本文将基于生活史特征的评估方法分为仅需要生活史参数,需要产量数据和生活史参数,需要产量数据、生活史参数及体长或年龄数据等3大类,分别从方法、数据要求、输出结果及局限性进行了系统回顾分析,提供了关于生活史特征参数的常见估算方法,并就其中两种模型对北大西洋大青鲨(Prionace glauca)的可持续渔获量进行了初步评估与比较。最后,对数据缺乏模型的使用及模型在中国近海渔业资源评估中的运用提出了建议。