烤烟EMS诱变后代高香气突变体筛选

为筛选高香气且品质较优的烤烟后代,以中烟100为材料,采用EMS诱变技术对中烟100种子进行处理,筛选出2个叶面腺毛密度大的突变体材料,通过田间试验,对其叶面腺毛密度、叶面化学成分、烤后化学成分、香气物质含量和感官质量评吸等指标进行评估,并与正常中烟100后代和NC89进行对照。研究结果表明,EMS-2诱变株系腺毛密度最大,为65.55个/mm ²,分别是中烟100（37.19个/mm ²）和NC89（56.06个/mm ²）的1.8和1.2倍;叶面化学成分分析结果表明,EMS-1诱变株系西柏烷类和烷烃类含量最多,分别为57.18、5.16mg/m ²,EMS-2突变株系蔗糖酯类物质分泌较旺盛,含量最多,为0.33mg/m ²;烤后样化学成分分析结果表明,EMS-2突变株系化学成分含量较协调,且香气成分含量最多,达到890.32μg/g,分别比中烟100和NC89增加34.5%和29.0%;结合对诱变后代的感官评价,得出结论：诱变株系综合品质较好,可提高烟叶质量,EMS-2综合品质最好,可以作为待选株系进行下一步品种选育。     

褪黑素诱导小豆抗锈病机理的初步研究

为明确外源褪黑素诱导小豆抗锈性的作用及机理,以感病小豆品种‘宝清红’为材料,采用叶面喷施不同浓度褪黑素激发处理小豆真叶,而后对真叶挑战接种锈菌夏孢子,结果表明,低浓度(11.61 mg/L)褪黑素可显著提升小豆对锈病的抗性。夏孢子萌发试验表明,褪黑素对夏孢子萌发及芽管生长无显著抑制作用,表明褪黑素无抑菌活性。进一步的基因表达分析发现,与对照相比,褪黑素激发诱导了水杨酸(SA)通路关键基因NPR1于接种后24 h显著上调表达,且病程相关蛋白PR1、几丁质酶(CHI)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLU)及PR5均于接种后24～120 h被显著诱导表达,说明褪黑素可能通过诱导NPR1表达,进而激活下游PR蛋白的高水平应答,使感锈病小豆品种获得对锈病的抗性。     

Embryonic and larval developments of brackish water catfish,Mystus gulio (Hamilton and Buchanan, 1822) induced with human chorionic gonadotropin and consequent larval rearing

Mystus gulio, the long whiskers catfish, is a popular food fish and potential candidate species for aquaculture in Sundarban area of India and Bangladesh. Recently, catch of this species has declined due to overfishing and various ecological changes. In the present study, mature fish was induced to spawn in captivity through intramuscular injection of human chorionic gonadotropin at the doses of 10 IU/g to female and 5 IU/g to male. Photomicrographs of all developmental stages of live embryo and larvae were documented with the aid of a light microscope. Results demonstrated that morula, blastula, gastrula and neurula and organogenesis ended at 1:30‐, 3:00‐, 5:30‐, 7:30‐ and 17:15‐hour post‐spawning (hps) respectively. Heartbeat and muscular contraction of embryo commenced at 8:30 and 11.15 hps respectively. Hatching of embryo started after an incubation period of 17:30 hour at an ambient temperature of 29 ± 1°C. The newly hatched larvae measured 2.17 ± 0.29 mm in total length with a yolk volume of 0.165 ± 0.03 mm³ started feeding 36 hr after hatching. The present study, on induced breeding and chronological development of M. gulio embryo, will have significant implications on conservation and seed production for aquaculture.     

Long‐lasting β‐aminobutyric acid‐induced resistance protects tomato fruit against Botrytis cinerea

Minimizing losses to pests and diseases is essential for producing sufficient food to feed the world's rapidly growing population. The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea triggers devastating pre‐ and post‐harvest yield losses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Current control methods are based on the pre‐harvest use of fungicides, which are limited by strict legislation. This investigation tested whether induction of resistance by β‐aminobutyric acid (BABA) at different developmental stages provides an alternative strategy to protect post‐harvest tomato fruit against B. cinerea. Soil‐drenching plants with BABA once fruit had already formed had no impact on tomato susceptibility to B. cinerea. However, BABA application to seedlings significantly reduced post‐harvest infection of fruit. This resistance response was not associated with a yield reduction; however, there was a delay in fruit ripening. Untargeted metabolomics revealed differences between fruit from water‐ and BABA‐treated plants, demonstrating that BABA triggered a defence‐associated metabolomics profile that was long lasting. Targeted analysis of defence hormones suggested a role of abscisic acid (ABA) in the resistance phenotype. Post‐harvest application of ABA to the fruit of water‐treated plants induced susceptibility to B. cinerea. This phenotype was absent from the ABA‐exposed fruit of BABA‐treated plants, suggesting a complex role of ABA in BABA‐induced resistance. A final targeted metabolomic analysis detected trace residues of BABA accumulated in the red fruit. Overall, it was demonstrated that BABA induces post‐harvest resistance in tomato fruit against B. cinerea with no penalties in yield.     

基于信号特征分析的植物体表电信号记录模式选择

为了探索不同耦合记录模式所记录植物体表波形数据特征,选择德抗961型小麦与含羞草2类植物,分别对每株植物进行直流耦合、交流耦合同步信号记录。分析光诱导下小麦所产生的局部电位中直流耦合记录与交流耦合记录的数据差异。小麦局部电位直流耦合与交流耦合记录数据波形峰峰值差异可达25倍以上;基于短时傅里叶变换,功率密度时频分布图显示直流耦合记录到的信号局部电位的频谱主要在0.2 Hz以内。而含羞草的变异电位的上述2种耦合模式记录的波形差异相对较小,功率密度时频分布图中可以反映其信号功率谱分布在0.6 Hz以内。通过记录不同下限截止频率的数据,小麦的光诱导电信号更加清晰的反映耦合方式对信号的影响,进一步地,通过含羞草变异电位的传导特性与对小麦钙通道阻滞的对照试验来验证所测信号的真实性。因此,针对不同植物及其植物电信号本身的特点,应选择适合的耦合记录方式。     

Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Applications of ionizing radiation for the control of postharvest diseases in fresh produce: recent advances

Postharvest diseases cause considerable losses to harvested fruits and vegetables worldwide. In addition to various treatments to control postharvest losses caused by pathogens, the global trend is shifting toward more ecofriendly alternatives safer to human health. Thus far, the main approach to postharvest disease control has mostly relied on the use of chemicals. However, the intense use of chemical fungicides has caused side effects such as environmental issues and evolution of fungicide‐resistant isolates. With increasing demand for the use of non‐chemicals, ionizing radiation has been investigated for application in many aspects of postharvest treatment, especially as an approach with significant potential for the control of postharvest disease. Recently, a number of more or less technologically advanced methodologies, e.g. irradiation combined with other types of treatments and induced disease‐resistance, have been developed to control postharvest diseases as well as to increase the quality and storage life of fresh commodities. Challenges for future application of irradiation in fresh produce are the cost, lack of irradiation facilities, lack of knowledge about optimal conditions for different commodities, and lack of acceptance of irradiated fresh produce. This review aims to document the advances in understanding of the effects of irradiation on postharvest disease, the possible modes of action, and the perspectives in commercial use.     

外源MeJA诱导玉米抗性对亚洲玉米螟生物学特性的影响

为明确茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)诱导玉米幼苗产生抗性对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)生物学特性的影响,测定了玉米幼苗在4种浓度的外源MeJA处理后对亚洲玉米螟幼虫生长发育和成虫繁殖的影响情况,并利用生命表方法研究了饲喂MeJA处理后的玉米幼苗对次代亚洲玉米螟实验种群的影响。结果表明:取食外源MeJA诱导的玉米幼苗后,亚洲玉米螟幼虫死亡率增加,发育历期延长,成虫寿命缩短、产卵量下降,除了100μmol/L MeJA处理组蛹重高于对照外,其他处理组亚洲玉米螟体重与蛹重均降低,影响程度与MeJA的浓度有关。225μmol/L MeJA诱导处理后的玉米幼苗对亚洲玉米螟生长发育影响最大,与对照组相比,幼虫历期长了5.41天,成虫寿命减少1.33天,产卵量减少3.6头。MeJA的诱导抗性显著影响了亚洲玉米螟幼虫对玉米幼苗的取食,100μmol/L和225μmol/L MeJA处理组与对照组虫体体重相差3.29～6.86 mg,达到统计学差异,生长抑制率达28.34%～59.09%。对次代种群的影响表现在净生殖率(R0)、周限增长率(λ)降低,内禀增长率(rm)由0.0725降至0.0502,平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)较对照有所延长。这些结果表明MeJA处理玉米幼苗能够降低亚洲玉米螟的发育速率,这将对亚洲玉米螟的综合防治具有重要的指导意义。