农牧交错带不同封育时间对植物特征值及多样性的影响

为研究我国北方农牧交错带不同封育时间对干旱、半干旱草原植物特征值及多样性的影响,同时探索农牧交错带草原封育周期,本研究选取位于我国农牧交错带的宁夏盐池人工封育草原为研究对象,采用样方调查法,于每年7-8月份(植物生长季节)对封育区植被生长状况进行调查,调查内容包括:植物名称、植物种数、株数、盖度、高度、地上生物量(鲜重)等。运用生态学、地统计学原理,结合Biodiversity Pro、Microcal Origin等生态学统计软件对外业数据进行处理、分析,结果表明:封育2-3年后植物群落优势种优势地位得到巩固,而一些伴生种则在竞争中消失;封育区植物特征值在封育2-3年后达到最大,如地上生物量(鲜重)在封育3年达到最大值,为6907.75kg/hm2,此后呈下降趋势;封育区主要植物重要值及植物物种多样性均在封育2-3年后出现最大值,此后也不同程度地呈下降趋势。     

Establishment and growth of coniferous seedlings in an altered forest floor after long-term exclusion of deer

We evaluated differences between the forest floors and the establishment and growth of coniferous seedlings in fenced (13 years) and unfenced plots on Mt Ohdaigahara where the sika deer (Cervus nippon) population density is high. Large coniferous seedlings (height > 0.05 m) were less abundant in the unfenced plot, as a result of deer browsing. Small coniferous seedlings (height < 0.05 m), however, were more abundant in the unfenced plot, where most seedlings of Abies homolepis were found on bare ground and those of Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis were found on buttresses and fallen logs. The large area of bare ground in the unfenced plot was caused by deer browsing. Deer therefore have an indirect effect on the emergence and growth of small coniferous seedlings by modifying the forest floor.     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.     

The efficacy of feral cat, fox and rabbit exclusion fence designs for threatened species protection

Pen and field trials were used to test the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of wire netting and electric fence designs as barriers to feral cats, foxes and rabbits in northern South Australia. A 180 cm high wire netting fence with foot apron and a curved ‘floppy’ overhang effectively contained most rabbits, feral cats and foxes during pen trials and proved effective with intensively monitored paddock-scale exclosures. A reduced height fence of 115 cm did not reduce effectiveness of the fence during fence trials but paddock-scale trials are yet to be completed. Conventional 40 mm diameter hexagonal “rabbit netting” was not an effective barrier against young independent rabbits and it is recommended that 30 mm hexagonal netting should be used. A 60 cm wide external netting overhang, curved in an arc and supported by lengths of heavy gauge wire, effectively precluded more feral cats and foxes than a 30 cm wide overhang angled upwards. The 30 cm foot apron was augmented in erosion-prone dunes and watercourses by the addition of wider netting or rubber matting to prevent incursions. Posts, and particularly corners, were targeted by feral cats and foxes and the efficacy of the fence was improved by using steel, rather than timber posts. Electric wires offset from the netting at heights of 120 and 150 cm provided a shock to animals exploring the base of the overhang and further improved the fence efficacy. PVC conduit rollers on the top wire were not effective.Material costs ranged from AUD $8814 per km for the 115 cm high fence to AUD $12,432 per km for the 180 cm high fence with two electric wires. The non-standard 30 mm hexagonal netting accounted for 57% of the material costs of the low netting fence. Increased demand for this netting may reduce the expense of rabbit exclusion. Expenses could also be reduced where existing stock fences are modified by the addition of netting.     

围栏封育在藏北高寒退化草地恢复中的效果研究

通过对西藏安多典型退化草地围栏,研究围栏对植被特征、地下生物量、地下种子库以及多样性等方面的影响。结果表明:经过围栏封育后草地植物高度、盖度、产量均有不同程度的提高。植物多样性有所增加,植被优势种差异较为显著。植物群落地下生物量变化幅度较大,经过围栏草地0～10 cm地下生物量增加明显。土壤种子库测定表明,围栏实验地种子总数明显高于围栏外,且增加的种子数主要分布在0～5 cm的土层中。     

长期围栏封育对天山中部草地土壤有机碳及微生物量碳的影响

以天山中部中科院巴音布鲁克草原生态观测站三种类型草地长期(26 a)围栏封育样地为研究对象,通过野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,研究了长期(26a)围栏封育对草地土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量的影响,结果表明:(1)围栏外(自然放牧条件下),表层的土壤有机碳含量为高寒草甸(165.29 g·kg-1)＞高寒草甸草原(98.73 g·kg-1)＞高寒草原( 83.54 g·kg-1),微生物量碳含量依次为高寒草甸草原(181.70 mg·kg-1)＞高寒草甸(146.37 mg· kg-1)＞高寒草原( 43.06 mg· kg-1).围栏封育后,高寒草甸、高寒草甸草原、高寒草原表层土壤有机碳含量分别提高了 11.37％、3.26％和2.21％;高寒草甸草原和高寒草甸微生物量碳含量分别增长2.89％和12.04％,而高寒草原降低40.36％.(2)从围栏内外土壤剖面来看,土壤有机碳、微生物量碳含量随着土壤深度的增加依次降低,微生物熵也随土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势.(3)微生物量碳含量与土壤速效钾、全磷含量达到极显著负相关(P＜0.01),与速效磷含量达到极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)与土壤速效氮含量正相关,但不显著.     

草地利用和管理方式对地木耳生物量的影响

地木耳(Nostoc commune)是一种固氮蓝藻,其固氮活性是可逆的,在天然草地氮素循环中起着非常重要的作用。本研究分析了放牧、刈割、烧荒以及围封对地木耳生长动态的影响,以期为合理利用和管理天然草地提供理论依据。结果表明,围栏封育样地地木耳的生物量最高,适度放牧和刈割样地次之,重度放牧显著抑制了地木耳生长,其总生物量仅相当于围栏封育的11.2%～35.1%;烧荒处理当年地木耳生长受到抑制,但随着凋落物的积累,其生长量逐渐增加;地木耳生物量与凋落物、立枯物的量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,凋落物和立枯物的量是影响地木耳生长的主要因素。因此,适度放牧和围栏封育有利于草地固氮蓝藻--地木耳的生长和增加草地氮素供应。     

围栏封育对新疆伊犁绢蒿草地的影响

2005年,对伊犁绢蒿Seriphidium transillense草地设置围栏内外草地植被和土壤对比,分析封育对草地植被和土壤的影响。调查结果显示：封育后,伊犁绢蒿个体植株高度增高,地上生物量上升,丛幅增大。封育后土壤条件得到改善,处于围封中的土壤容重较放牧利用中的土壤容重小,水分含量升高,尤其是 5～10 cm土层变化显著。围封3年内,草地植物组成成分无明显变化,但优良牧草产量比例增加。总体表明：围栏封育改善了草地植被生长状态,提高了草地质量。     

封育条件下白茅繁殖对策研究

在对云南马龙县退化山地草甸围栏封育恢复过程中,白茅Imperata cylindrical是草地中优势植物,在整个群落的演替过程中有着重要影响。因此,对封育条件下白茅的无性繁殖器官根茎特征变化进行研究具有非常重要的意义。研究结果表明：封育使3个退化梯度形成了3个不同的生态系统群落。在轻度退化封育区,白茅的根茎随封育时间的延长而变长,分蘖枝数无明显变化,但枝条密度随封育时间的延长而逐年增加,封育促进了该区白茅无性繁殖。在中度和重度退化封育区,白茅的根茎随封育时间的延长而变短、变细,重度退化封育区变化差异极显著（P＜0.01）,中度退化封育区变化差异显著（P＜0.05）,分蘖枝数减少,封育使白茅无性繁殖在中度和重度退化区受到抑制。     

干旱荒漠区封育沙地植被群落特征变化研究

以天然植被围栏封育和人工种植+围栏封育措施下沙地植物群落为对象,以无封护的流动沙地做对照,研究了不同恢复措施对沙地群落物种组成及结构变化的影响.结果表明,(1)封育15 a后,人工种植+围栏封育区侵入物种的丰富度随演替的进展已达12种,其中猪毛菜7.562株/m~2,碟果虫实3.233株/m~2,雾冰藜3.017株/m~2,沙米1.615株/m~2,狗尾草1.112株/m~2.种类组成及生活型结构在向天然植被围栏封育区植物群落靠近,但两者间仍表现出较大差异.(2)在类型组成上,两种封育措施区差异主要表现在优势科及各科种类数量上.(3)在综合多样性特征上,两种措施区草被层的Shannon指数和丰富度指数存在显著差异,而其余各指数两者差异均不显著,但天然植被围栏封育区灌木层的生态优势度指数较高.(4)群落的相似性指数表明,两种封育措施间的植物群落差距较大,且2种封育措施下的植物群落与植被呈零星状分布的无封护措施的流动沙地相比,生态差距均十分显著,这表明封育可明显促进沙地植被的多样性恢复,其中人工种植对沙地植物群落物种多样性恢复的作用是相对缓慢而渐进的.