5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

黑河流域中游荒漠区沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘监测及其与气候因子的关系

[目的] 分析黑河流域中游荒漠区沙尘暴、扬沙以及浮尘频次和时长的月变化和年变化，并分析其与主要气候因子的关系，为区域沙尘天气的早期预警和荒漠区的经营和管理提供依据。[方法] 利用黑河流域红沙窝荒漠化综合防治试验站的2010—2019年的沙尘天气监测数据和气象数据进行分析。[结果] 沙尘频次和时长主要集中在春季，其次是冬季，春冬两季的频次和时长各占全年的82.3%和79.4%。10 a间沙尘暴和扬沙频次总体变化趋势逐渐减少，而浮尘频次总体变化趋势逐年增加；沙尘时长总体变化趋势逐年增加。沙尘频次月变化与土壤湿度（10 cm）和大气湿度之间呈极显著负相关（p<0.01），与风速之间呈极显著正相关（p<0.01）。扬沙年际发生频次与土壤温度（5 cm）之间呈显著负相关（p<0.05），与大气温度之间呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）。[结论] 近10 a来，黑河流域中游荒漠区的沙尘天气主要发生在春季和冬季，破坏性较大的沙尘暴和扬沙逐年减少，而浮尘逐年增加。沙尘频次的月变化主要影响因素是浅层土壤湿度、大气湿度和风速。春季的浅层土壤湿度影响了沙尘暴和扬沙年际频次变化，浅层土壤温度影响了浮尘年际频次变化；冬季的浅层土壤温湿度和降水量影响了沙尘暴的年际频次变化，浅层土壤温度和大气温度影响了扬沙的年际频次变化。     

Influence of temperature,humidity duration and growth stage on the infection and mycotoxin production by Fusarium langsethiae and Fusarium poae in oats

High occurrence of Fusarium poae (FP) and Fusarium langsethiae (FL) and their mycotoxins nivalenol (NIV) and T-2/HT-2 have been observed in Swiss oats. Early prediction of mycotoxin levels is important for farmers and the cereal industry to minimize the risk of contaminated food and feed. Therefore, climate chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of different temperatures (10, 15, 20 °C) and durations (4, 8, 12 h) at 99% relative humidity (RH) on the infection of oats with FP and FL. In addition, to discover the most susceptible period of oats, artificial FL inoculations were conducted at different growth stages. Field experiments were performed to observe the dispersal of these fungal species within the field and to investigate the weather conditions that influence the dispersal. The climate chamber experiments revealed higher contamination with NIV and T-2/HT-2 in the 10 °C treatments and with a prolonged humidity duration of 12 h 99% RH. Inoculations of oat plants at early (DC 61) and mid (DC 65) anthesis, led to higher FL infection and T-2/HT-2 accumulation in the grains compared with treatments at earlier growth stages, which might be due to an increased susceptibility during anthesis. No indication for spore dispersal was observed in the field experiments. The results obtained, together with the cropping factors that influence infection and mycotoxin production, could be used as a first step in developing forecasting models to predict the contamination of oats with the mycotoxins NIV and T-2/HT-2.     

不利气象条件对果业生产的影响及果园管理建议

针对近年来不利气象条件频发情况,分析了不利气象条件对果业生产的影响,提出减轻不利气象条件对果树影响的建议和不利气象发生后果园的管理要点。     

Impact of short‐term climate effects and sea ice coverage variation on Japanese scallop aquaculture in Saroma Lake,Japan

Saroma Lake is the southernmost lagoon exhibiting seasonal sea ice coverage in the Northern hemisphere and one of the most important aquaculture areas for Japanese scallops (Mizuhopecten yessoensis). Under conditions of adequate food and appropriate temperature, scallops grow well from the time of ice melting in April to harvesting starting in July. However, over the past decade, Saroma Lake frequently has not been completely covered by ice in winter, and the production of Japanese scallops has shown significant changes. Therefore, this study integrated data from satellite remote sensing, buoys, and in situ observations with climatic events [the winter East Asian Monsoon (EAM) and El Niño/La Niña–Southern Oscillation events] to investigate the impact of ice coverage variations on scallop growth in Saroma Lake between 2007 and 2015. Daily ice conditions were detected using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer false colour images and an unsupervised classification method. The results indicated that EAM strongly influenced the ice coverage variation in Saroma Lake through their effects on temperature during winter. Ice coverage variations show a strong correlation with water temperature and spring phytoplankton blooms, which are the two most important environmental factors for scallop growth. In addition, extreme climate events could cause water temperature anomalies (as in 2015) which are unfavourable for scallop growth. Monitoring ice conditions should be considered when developing plans and management strategies for scallop aquaculture in Saroma Lake.     

重庆地区一次冬季强降温过程诊断分析

为了更全面地认识重庆地区冬季强降温发生机制,文章利用常规地面观测资料、探空资料及数值模式资料,采用天气动力学诊断方法,对重庆地区2018年1月22日-29日强降温天气过程的天气系统演变特征、动力结构特征及水汽条件进行分析。结果表明：(1)1月22日-29日冷空气由东北路径侵入重庆地区,72h内日平均温度普遍下降6℃及以上,东北部地区由于先受冷空气影响且海拔普遍偏高,较西部地区先出现大范围降温且最低温度普遍低于西部地区,出现雨雪天气；西部地区在高、低空急流及川东低涡切变线的动力作用下,配合充足的水汽条件较东部地区先出现大范围降雨,东北路冷空气回流至西部地区,并持续低温阴雨天气。(2)贝加尔湖以西的低压系统、冷中心及东北冷涡、高低空急流、中低层低涡切变线是预报重庆地区此次强降温伴随雨(雪)天气的出现时间及影响区域的重要预报着眼点。     

1976—2017年青海湖东北部地区极端降水事件变化特征分析

[目的] 为进一步了解高寒牧区气候变化，[方法]依据1976—2017年青海湖东北部海晏站逐日降水资料，采用百分位法确定冬、夏半年极端降雨（雪）阈值并统计极端降水事件，运用线性趋势、R/S和小波分析法分析极端降水事件变化特征、未来演变趋势及周期。[结果]结果表明：青海湖东北部地区冬、夏半年极端降水日数和极端降水量呈不显著增加趋势；冬半年极端降水强度和日最大降水量不显著增加，而夏半年不显著减小；极端降水对年降水的贡献率均以不同的速率增加，其中夏半年的极端降水对年降水的影响较大；冬半年降水日数不显著减小，而降水量显著增加，表明冬半年发生短时强降水的几率增大，夏半年的降水日数和降水量增加不明显；未来，冬半年极端降水日数增加趋势将发生转变，极端降水量与之前的变化趋势无关将继续呈现震荡性，其他各要素将持续前期的变化趋势；冬（夏）半年极端降水日数和降水量分别存在明显的周期变化特征。[结论]高寒牧区的极端降水研究对于预防短时强降水带来的雪灾、洪涝事件的发生意义重大。     

影响安吉白茶产量与品质的灾害性天气分型及分析研究

气象条件是影响茶树生长发育的主要环境条件,年际间气候条件特别是早春气候条件的差异,对安吉白茶的开采和产量波动较大。利用安吉2006—2017年白茶生长期调查资料以及相应时段的气候资料,对影响安吉白茶生长、产量与品质的灾害性天气过程进行分型研究,归纳出3种高影响天气类型,分别为冷空气影响型,强对流大风影响型,温度先低后高型,并对3种天气类型分别选1个典型天气过程个例,重点从天气形势、气候条件、灾情调查等方面,分析对白茶生产、品质造成的影响。结果表明:冬末春初的冷空气强度、影响时间以及影响方式等对安吉白茶的生长、产量及品质有重要的作用;选取上游安徽的阜阳站作为冷空气指标站,对本地冷空气强度预报有12 h的提前量,依据该指标可以及时发布预警信息,指导茶农合理安排生产,减少损失;针对不同的天气类型,给出了相应的防御措施。该结果可为茶农合理安排生产和适时采摘提供指导,同时也为农业气象科技人员进一步提高气象服务的针对性和专业性提供技术支撑和依据。     

格点天气预报数据与机理模型耦合的冬小麦干旱预警方法

为了开展大范围的冬小麦干旱预警,以中国北方冬小麦区为实例,构建了土壤水分动态预报模型,结合未来10 d高精度天气要素预报、土壤自动水分观测和冬小麦发育期观测数据,建立了北方冬小麦区干旱预警系统。利用该系统对2018年4—5月进行逐日的冬小麦干旱预警,对干旱预警产品的分析表明:系统对未来10 d土壤相对湿度预报的决定系数在0. 63～0. 91之间,均方根误差在5. 6%～18. 2%之间,预报时效越近,准确率越高。从不同的干旱等级预测准确率看,对于干旱等级较高的重旱和特旱预报准确率较高,轻旱和中旱的预报准确率略低。该系统基本满足冬小麦干旱预警需求,对国家级农业气象部门大范围农业干旱监测和预警业务是有益的补充。     

三江镇一次冰雹天气过程的短临预报思路浅析

利用MICAPS再生图像资料、ECMWF_FINE模式与多普勒雷达探测等图像产品资料,对在2016年4月17日三江镇发生的一次小范围强对流过程的天气环流背景、各物理量及多普勒雷达回波变化过程进行一次简单的短临预报思路浅析,结果展示为：本次强对流天气过程环流背景复杂；大量的不稳定能量集聚与适合的0℃层与-20℃层为冰雹的生长提供了有利的条件；存在下湿上干的不稳定层结与强烈的风速辐合通道加上适宜的风切变环境和地形抬升作用；雷达组合反照率与雷暴中心VIL的回波特征预示了本次冰雹的出现。