黄曲霉毒素的脱毒研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是由真菌代谢产生的天然毒素,主要分为B族黄曲霉毒素、G族黄曲霉毒素及M族黄曲霉毒素。黄曲霉毒素对人类和动物具有较高的毒性、致畸性、诱变性和致癌性,其中黄曲霉毒素B_1的毒性最高,且黄曲霉毒素B_1和黄曲霉毒素M_1被国际癌症研究机构列为一级致癌物。因此,黄曲霉毒素的脱毒越来越受到国内外的广泛关注。主要对国内外黄曲霉毒素的物理脱毒方法、化学脱毒方法及生物脱毒方法进行综述,重点对生物脱毒方法的种类、脱毒机理和降解产物的毒性进行了评述,并提出研究展望。     

优化预处理及脱毒工艺以制备玉米芯半纤维素水解液

为了降低玉米芯半纤维素水解液中的乙酸、糠醛和酚类等有毒物质含量,使可利用糖类含量增加。本研究以玉米芯为原料制备水解液,对预处理及脱毒工艺进行优化,并利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测优化效果。结果表明,10~20目的玉米芯在10%氨水浸泡24 h后,可将乙酸和酚类物质的脱除率,分别提高至93.4%和32.3%,而糠醛的含量也大大降低。经过真空浓缩、CaO脱毒以及2%活性炭吸附后,使有毒物质含量再次降低,此时的水解液可完全用于菌株的发酵试验,达到了去除的目的。本文所得到的最佳水解液处理步骤,其结果符合菌株发酵用标准,说明水解液处理方式的不同,直接影响着水解液的制备。这为研究和利用木质纤维素等可再生资源提供了思路,也为发酵生产奠定了理论基础。     

木耳菌糠酸解液的脱毒效果

为探讨木耳菌糠酸解液的脱毒效果,测定脱毒前后酸解液中还原糖、硫酸根离子、乙酸和糠醛的质量浓度。实验结果表明:酸解液脱毒前后的还原糖质量浓度分别为6.22、3.82 g/L,还原糖浓度降低了38.6%;硫酸根质量浓度分别为18.90、1.91 g/L,大部分硫酸根离子被去除。乙酸质量浓度分别为2.13、1.97 g/L,降低不明显。糠醛质量浓度分别为0.734、0.124 g/L,糠醛浓度降低了412.5%。菌糠酸解液脱毒前酒精度为零,脱毒后酒精度0.58%(w/v),说明脱毒效果比较显著。该结论为利用菌糠酸解液生产酒精提供了理论基础。     

国医大师张学文辨治肺癌经验

国医大师张学文认为肺癌是因毒邪侵淫、情志内伤等导致脏腑失调，正气虚弱，气滞血瘀，痰浊内生，毒痰瘀互结，壅结于肺，日久恶变成癌积，临床从气阴亏虚型、热毒内蕴型、痰浊内阻型、毒瘀互结型、阴阳两虚型辨治。治当扶正祛邪，以益气养阴、活血散结、化痰解毒为原则，并应将扶正祛邪贯穿肺癌治疗的全过程。     

多效唑对斑马鱼体内解毒代谢酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨多效唑对水生生物在组织水平的毒性效应及其致毒机制。[方法]采用生物化学方法测定了多效唑不同浓度暴露下对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)体内2种解毒代谢酶和2种抗氧化酶活性的影响。[结果]雄性斑马鱼比雌性更容易受到多效唑的胁迫,各种酶在斑马鱼体内的变化规律不同。多效唑对雄鱼超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)表现为激活-抑制-恢复,对雌鱼SOD表现为先抑制后激活但影响不显著;对雌鱼过氧化物酶(POD)表现为抑制,对雄鱼POD的抑制在后期才有所表现;对雌鱼羧酸酯酶(Car E)表现为高浓度抑制低浓度激活,后期恢复,对雄鱼Car E整体表现为激活;而对雄鱼谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)则表现为高浓度中后期产生抑制,对雌鱼GST未表现出明显的抑制或激活效应。[结论]雄鱼体内Car E的活性在多效唑较低浓度下最先做出应激反应,可作为污染物早期预警的生物标志物。     

棉籽粕脱毒技术及其在畜禽生产中的应用

棉籽粕中粗蛋白的含量较高,是较好的蛋白饲料资源之一。但棉籽粕中的游离棉酚(FG)等抗营养因子限制了棉籽粕的应用,利用物理、化学、生物等脱毒方式可显著降低棉籽粕中FG含量,提高其饲用价值。文章对棉籽粕的营养特性、常用的脱毒方法及其在畜禽生产中的应用情况进行综述,以期为棉籽粕在畜禽生产中的合理利用提供参考。     

Comparison of the florfenicol metabolic rate in Portunus trituberculatus individuals with different body weights

We analysed the metabolic rate of large individuals (LIs) and small individuals (SIs) (based on body weight) of 80‐day‐old specimens of Portunus trituberculatus injected with 40 mg/kg florfenicol (FLR). The results showed that FLR contents in the gills and hepatopancreas were higher in the SIs than in the LIs. The activities of erythromycin N‐demethylase and 7‐ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase related to cytochrome oxidase P450 (CYP) were induced after FLR injection and showed a size‐dependent pattern; however, no significant difference in aminopyrine N‐demethylase activity was found between the LIs and SIs. The activity of the phase II enzyme glutathione S‐transferase (GST) increased in the hepatopancreas after FLR injection, and it was higher in the SIs than the LIs. Moreover, induction of CYP2, CYP3, GST, ABCB and ABCG was observed in the first 24 hr after FLR injection. FLR caused more biomolecular damage in the SIs than the LIs, displaying an obvious body weight‐ and time‐dependent pattern. In summary, the SIs exhibited faster FLR uptake and slower depuration in this species, and FLR caused more biomolecular damage to the SIs.     

速康解毒口服溶液对兔皮肤刺激性和过敏性的实验研究

试验旨在为评价动物疯草中毒解毒治疗药物——速康解毒口服溶液的临床前应用安全性,为临床推广应用提供实验依据.用速康解毒口服溶液、赋形剂(蒸馏水)局部涂抹大白兔破损皮肤及完整皮肤,并逐日观察症状表现,统计观察结果.用速康解毒口服溶液或赋形剂、2,4-二硝基氯苯(DNCB)对大白兔多次致敏,并于2周后观察大白兔的反应.结果表明:速康解毒口服溶液对家兔完整皮肤刺激反应的平均分值为零,属于无刺激药物,对破损皮肤也无明显刺激;在过敏性实验中,给药组5只家兔中1只有轻微的过敏现象,结合致敏反应评价的分值法和致敏反应发生率,速康解毒口服溶液对家兔皮肤过敏反应的分值为0.2(1/5),致敏率为20％(1/5),具有弱致敏性.结论:速康解毒口服溶液对家兔皮肤无明显刺激性,有轻微过敏现象,属于临床安全药物.     

Synergistic effect of imidacloprid combined with synergistic agents (Beichuang,Jiexiaoli) on Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Myzus persicae is a well known aphid pest, which can transport plant viruses to plants of the nightshade/potato family, namely the Solanaceae, and other food crops. Our aim was to explore the effects of imidacloprid combined with synergistic agents (Beichuang and Jiexiaoli) on Myzus persicae. Different concentrations of imidacloprid combined with synergistic agents were used to treat M. persicae. Biological activity of M. persicae was analyzed under indoor conditions, and the control efficiency of the admixture was determined through field experiments. The penetration rate of the admixture on tobacco leaf and M. persicae was analyzed, and the liquid surface tension and contact angle was measured. Imidacloprid combined with Beichuang and Jiexiaoli showed significant synergistic effects with high control efficacy. Beichuang and Jiexiaoli significantly improved the penetration of imidacloprid into the cuticle of tobacco leaves and the insect body wall. The surface tension and contact angles were abated by synergists. The combination of imidacloprid with Beichuang and Jiexiaoli showed a significant synergistic effect, which can be used for decreasing the dosage of imidacloprid and improving its long-term control efficacy.