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1.
D R Clements M D Day V Oeggerli S C Shen L A Weston G F Xu F D Zhang X Zhu 《Weed Research》2019,59(3):155-169
Increasingly, weeds have been taking on global distributions. With the proliferation of invasive weeds has come the challenge of managing these species over broad geographical regions, with diverse habitats and political jurisdictions. Here, we review the management of Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae; mile‐a‐minute) throughout its invaded range, extending through most of the Pacific islands and southern and south‐east Asia. Context matters when determining the best course of action for managing M. micrantha, as it has invaded a large variety of agricultural and natural systems. In Queensland, Australia and Florida, USA, M. micrantha has been targeted in relatively successful eradication campaigns, highlighting the importance of early detection and rapid response methods, while elsewhere in its invaded range, populations are either still increasing or showing limited signs of decline. An inter‐regional approach to research and management should incorporate successful management strategies employed throughout the invaded range including, but not limited to, chemical and cultural control practices, manual and mechanical control, classical biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii, plant–plant competition and integrated approaches utilising two or more control methods concurrently. Additional knowledge of M. micrantha genetics is required to determine if management approaches could be fine‐tuned for particular populations. Countries bordering the Mekong River formed a network in 2011 to co‐ordinate the management of invasive species such as M. micrantha. Expanding such a collaborative approach to other regions could further reduce populations of M. micrantha and limit its spread. 相似文献
2.
Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas. 相似文献
3.
2012年,国务院提出了《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划(2012—2020年)》,要求对16种动物疫病逐步进行控制、净化和消除。基于此,本文利用全国297个规模养鸡场的调查数据,采用随机效应模型,分析疫病净化对养鸡场动物后代繁育的影响。结果表明,已净化养鸡场的日最高产蛋率、种蛋合格率、种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率分别比未净化养鸡场高1.091%、1.090%、0.892%、0.528%。相比已净化养鸡场与未净化养鸡场之间后代繁育指标的差异,净化不同病种带来的差异较小。增加疫苗投入、减少兽药使用、合理设置技术人员数量可有效提升鸡群的后代繁育能力,采用封闭式的栏舍、非笼养的饲养方式、非自繁自养的引种方式以及整批的出栏方式可在某种程度上提高养鸡场动物的后代繁育能力。全国7个区域中,华北地区养鸡场的后代繁育能力最强。建议国家加强对疫病净化的宣传,积极组织疫病净化方面的培训和交流。养鸡场在开展疫病净化的同时,重视疫苗免疫工作,尽可能减少兽药的使用,有效地聘用技术人员。 相似文献
4.
以猪瘟野毒E2蛋白为包被抗原、辣根过氧化物酶标记的猪瘟野毒单抗作为酶标抗体,建立检测猪瘟野毒抗体的阻断ELISA方法。猪瘟野毒E2最适包被浓度为0.03μg/mL,待检血清最适稀释度为1∶4,酶标猪瘟野毒单抗稀释度为1∶1 000。用建立的阻断ELISA方法检测369份临床阴性血清,计算阻断率,确定临界值,阻断率>40%为猪瘟野毒抗体阳性,阻断率≤40%为猪瘟野毒抗体阴性。用建立的ELISA方法检测84份血清,其中78份为免疫猪瘟疫苗的血清,6份为猪瘟病毒感染血清。结果显示,78份免疫血清均检测为猪瘟野毒抗体阴性,6份猪瘟感染血清均检测为猪瘟野毒抗体阳性。因此可初步判定该方法可用于鉴别诊断猪瘟病毒自然感染动物和C株疫苗免疫动物的血清抗体,并为临床检测猪瘟野毒抗体提供便捷、快速,精准的检测工具,对猪瘟的临床诊断、预防以及猪瘟净化工作具有非常重要的参考意义。 相似文献
5.
6.
Peter A Robertson Tim Adriaens Xavier Lambin Aileen Mill Sugoto Roy Craig M Shuttleworth Mike Sutton‐Croft 《Pest management science》2017,73(2):273-279
Numerous examples exist of successful mammalian invasive alien species (IAS) eradications from small islands (<10 km2), but few from more extensive areas. We review 15 large‐scale removals (mean area 2627 km2) from Northern Europe since 1900, including edible dormouse, muskrat, coypu, Himalayan porcupine, Pallas' and grey squirrels and American mink, each primarily based on daily checking of static traps. Objectives included true eradication or complete removal to a buffer zone, as distinct from other programmes that involved local control to limit damage or spread. Twelve eradication/removal programmes (80%) were successful. Cost increased with and was best predicted by area, while the cost per unit area decreased; the number of individual animals removed did not add significantly to the model. Doubling the area controlled reduced cost per unit area by 10%, but there was no evidence that cost effectiveness had increased through time. Compared with small islands, larger‐scale programmes followed similar patterns of effort in relation to area. However, they brought challenges when defining boundaries and consequent uncertainties around costs, the definition of their objectives, confirmation of success and different considerations for managing recolonisation. Novel technologies or increased use of volunteers may reduce costs. Rapid response to new incursions is recommended as best practice rather than large‐scale control to reduce the environmental, financial and welfare costs. © 2016 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献
7.
十一五以来,贵州省扶贫开发取得了显著成效。但贵州作为一个欠发达、欠开发的省份,扶贫开发任务仍然十分繁重而艰巨。为推进新阶段贵州省的扶贫开发,对贵州省扶贫开发现状、十二五期间贵州省推进农村扶贫开发面临的挑战和发展趋势进行了论述。 相似文献
8.
【目的】评估黄羽种鸡禽白血病的净化工作,比较源于同一鸡群不同样品对禽白血病病毒(ALV)检测结果的影响.【方法】采用ALV抗原ELISA方法对广东一黄羽种鸡场采集的2 691枚种蛋进行检测,根据检测结果采集其中70份不同S/P区间所对应的母鸡抗凝血,分离血浆后分别同时接种于CEF和DF-1细胞,用病毒分离方法进行检测,并用PCR方法进行亚群鉴定.【结果和结论】从送检种蛋蛋清共检出ALV p27阳性样品243份,阳性率为9.03%(243/2 691);蛋清不同ELISA S/P区间所对应的病毒分离情况分别为:蛋清ELISA S/P≥2.0的鸡只其血样CEF和DF-1细胞病毒分离率均为100%;1.5≤S/P2.0的鸡只病毒分离率均为88.9%;1.0≤S/P1.5的鸡只病毒分离率均为85.7%;0.2≤S/P1.0的鸡只病毒分离率分别为60%~75%(CEF)和40%~50%(DF-1);0.1≤S/P0.2的鸡只病毒分离率为62.5%(CEF)和50%(DF-1);S/P0.1的鸡只分别为27.2%(CEF)和9.1%(DF-1)的病毒分离率.PCR结果显示,所有7份CEF+DF-1-的CEF培养物中有6份为内源性ALV-E.研究表明,在蛋清ELISA检测时,S/P越高的阳性蛋清样品其对应母鸡越可能是外源性ALV病毒血症阳性;有一定比例S/P较低的阳性蛋清样品是由对应母鸡体内的内源性ALV排毒所致;而净化初期少数蛋清S/P为阴性的蛋清,其对应母鸡仍可能检出外源性ALV,说明在黄羽种鸡外源性ALV净化方案中单独使用1次蛋清ELISA检测可能会给禽白血病的净化检测造成一定的"误诊"和"漏检". 相似文献
9.
Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi, the cause of the current pandemic of Dutch elm disease, is considered one of the 20 worst pests to have been introduced to New Zealand. An attempt to eradicate the pathogen came close to success, but was eventually stopped and replaced by management programmes. These programmes are slowing the spread of the pathogen. If left uncontrolled it is likely that New Zealand will lose 90% of its elm trees. Although elms are exotic trees in New Zealand, the loss of such a large number of popular amenity trees is likely to have numerous social, cultural, environmental and economic effects. It is estimated that this disease could cost public and councils over NZD $350 million in tree removal and replacement costs. Control of O. novo‐ulmi is limited, but biological control using d‐factor viruses has been proposed. Although O. novo‐ulmi was not eradicated from New Zealand, the eradication programme had many successes; in particular, the effective interaction of good management and science in the early years of the campaign. Also highlighted in this review are several tactics and steps that could be applied to eradication attempts for other species. 相似文献
10.
Summary An equine model of acute non‐immune inflammation has been developed to facilitate studies of the inflammatory process and the actions of novel anti‐inflammatory drugs. Five polyester sponge strips soaked in sterile 2% carrageenin solution were placed in subcutaneous pouches prepared under local anaesthesia in the necks of conscious ponies. Serial removal of the strips and harvesting of the exudate enabled studies to be made of the cellular, biochemical and mediator aspects of the localised, acute inflammation, and the heat generated by the lesion was monitored by infra‐red thermometry. Maximal concentrations of the eicosanoids 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1α, thromboxane B2 and leukotriene B, occurred at 9 h, whereas leukocyte numbers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total protein concentrations were greatest at 24 h. Lesional skin temperature was increased by approximately 4°C throughout the 24 h period. The novel anti‐inflammatory agent BW540C, administered orally at a dose‐rate of 20 mg/kg, did not affect leukocyte infiltration or the concentrations of protein, LDH and eicosanoids in exudate but serum thromboxane B2 levels were reduced. Skin temperature rises were greater in drug‐treated animals. It is concluded that higher doses of BW540C will be required for a clinically useful anti‐inflammatory action in horses. 相似文献