中国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状与展望

农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准是农业转基因生物安全管理必不可少的技术保障。截至2021年1月,农业部/农业农村部共发布了农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准47项。本文对我国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状进行初步总结,对国内外农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的发展现状进行比较,探讨了今后一段时间内农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的发展方向,以期为我国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的进一步完善提供借鉴,使其更好地为农业转基因生物安全管理工作提供技术支撑。     

阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死效应以及不同方式释放该螨对根结线虫的防控效果

本研究测定了阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死浓度及其对修长蠊螨生存、繁殖发育和捕食能力的影响，并通过盆栽试验研究了以不同方式释放修长蠊螨对空心菜根结线虫病的控制效果。阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的3个亚致死浓度LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀分别是2%的阿维菌素稀释2082倍、3760倍和8831倍。这3个亚致死剂量的阿维菌素均使修长蠊螨的生存能力、总产卵量和捕食线虫能力显著下降。修长蠊螨被LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀ 3个亚致死浓度药液处理后，从幼螨发育至成螨时的存活率分别为对照的32.00%、46.00%和72.00%；总产卵量分别是对照的6.23%、17.58%和34.24%；处理2 d后的捕食线虫能力分别是对照的34.70%、53.06%和62.59%；但对卵的孵化率无显著影响。修长蠊螨控缓速释放和直接释放均能减少空心菜根系的根结数量和根结线虫卵囊数量，有效控制空心菜根结线虫的发生。各项防治处理30 d后，修长蠊螨直接释放处理、控缓速释放处理、修长蠊螨和阿维菌素联合施用处理以及仅施用阿维菌素处理的空心菜根际根结数量和线虫卵囊数量，分别比未防治对照处理减少28.97%和64.38%、49.97%和74.43%、81.92%和92.24%以及80.15%和92.69%。所以修长蠊螨控缓速释放的控制效果显著好于直接释放，但是修长蠊螨与阿维菌素联合施用不能提高防效。     

草甘膦铵盐对3种滩涂动物抗氧化酶、丙二醛及大弹涂鱼红细胞微核的影响

为评价草甘膦对河口及滩涂水域生物的影响，采用室内人工染毒法，研究了草甘膦铵盐对可口革囊星虫Phascolosoma esculenta、缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta Lamark和大弹涂鱼Boleophthalmus pectinirostris 3种滩涂动物超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、丙二醛 (MDA) 及大弹涂鱼红细胞微核的影响。结果表明:经低浓度 (63.5 mg/L) 草甘膦短时间 (2 d) 染毒后，可口革囊星虫肠组织的SOD、CAT活性值及MDA含量分别为231.54、1.719 U/mg pro. 和0.60 nmol/mg pro.，3种指标均显著或极显著高于相应对照值 (204.88、1.521 U/mg pro. 和0.54 nmol/mg pro.)，且随着药剂处理浓度增加，SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量均升高；但当染毒时间延长至8 d时，可口革囊星虫肠组织的SOD、CAT活性值及MDA含量均明显降低，分别为155.67、1.403 U/mg pro. 和0.53 nmol/mg pro.，显著低于对照，且随药剂处理浓度进一步增加，酶活性及MDA含量值降低更显著。草甘膦对缢蛏内脏团及大弹涂鱼肝脏SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量的影响表现出类似规律。此外，经低浓度 (53.5 mg/L) 草甘膦染毒8 d后，大弹涂鱼红细胞微核率及核异常率分别为17.00‰ 和21.33‰，均极显著高于相应对照值 (13.67‰ 和13.33‰)，且随着草甘膦浓度增大，其红细胞微核率及核异常率均显著升高，表明大弹涂鱼对草甘膦有较高的敏感性。所得研究结果可为评价草甘膦对河口及滩涂水域生物的影响提供参考依据。     

The decline of fisheries on the Madeira River,Brazil: The high cost of the hydroelectric dams in the Amazon Basin

Despite being considered beneficial by providing a clean and renewable source of energy, the construction of hydroelectric dams has extremely negative implications for Amazonian fisheries. This study investigated the impacts of the Santo Antônio and Jirau hydroelectric dams on the fishery stocks of the Madeira River. This investigation was based on fish catch data from the Z‐31 fishing colony, located in the municipality of Humaitá, in Amazonas State, Northern Brazil. Data were collected daily and provided information on the date of return from each trip, the fish species targeted, and the total catch (kg) between January 2002 and September 2017. The results indicated reductions of 39% in the mean annual catch and 34% in the mean monthly catches. These results highlight the high price paid by local fish communities for the development of hydroelectric power in the Amazon basin.     

基于全产业链视角的食用菌产业经济效益分析

依照食用菌产业链关系,有效反映以价值转让和食用菌产品生产为主线的企业联系,并体现企业彼此间在市场供需关系基础上建立的内在关联。发展食用菌产业具备成本低、周期短、市场潜力大以及产生经济效益高等积极效应,利用食用菌产品投入产出比值方法,计算投入产出数值,衡量经济效益水平高低,有效评价食用菌产业经济效益。依据食用菌产业发展趋势,提出增加科研及技术投入,推动产业链发展、以及加强食用菌产业规划两点策略,以促进食用菌产业经济效益提升。     

国内土壤环境污染防治进程及展望

综述以中国2005—2019年土壤污染防治进程的3个阶段为主线,总结土壤污染防治发展过程中管理模式、治理体系、管控要求、机构改革、立法支持等5个方面重要转变,分析国家和地方土壤环境保护标准、法律法规政策和主要土壤污染治理成效。针对国内土壤污染防治未来发展趋势,从完善土壤环境标准及管理制度、建设监测及预警大数据平台、加强土壤生态环境国际合作、持续推进土壤修复技术攻关和先行区经验推广等方面提出建议,以期为生态环境高水平保护和经济社会高质量发展提供参考。     

基于变分模态分解-BA-LSSVM算法的配电网短期负荷预测

配电台区日负荷序列呈现为既包含变化趋势、又含有波动细节的不规则曲线,该文借助变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)将包含这些信息的原始日负荷序列分解为不同频率尺度的子序列,并结合一系列复杂的环境因素,分别利用不同的最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine,LSSVM)模型进行负荷预测,最后将基于不同频率分量的预测结果相加得到最终的日负荷预测结果。为了提高LSSVM预测能力,采用蝙蝠算法(bat algorithm,BA)对各LSSVM的参数进行寻优,同时,该文分析了影响负荷变化的环境因素,设计了一套因素归一化方法,预测过程考虑了环境因素的影响。仿真结果表明,该文提出的考虑复杂环境因素的预测思想及对历史日负荷进行VMD分解、BA优化、LSSVM预测的组合预测方法能有效提高短期日负荷预测的准确性。     

基于环境税的两部门政策与农业面源污染规制

在面源污染经济规制方面,现有文献对于环境税、财政补贴、环保罚款等政策的研究取得了丰富的理论成果,但对于多种经济规制工具的结合研究,特别是对基于环境税的两部门规制政策(two-part instruments)的研究仍有较大的空间.两部门规制政策既具备最优庇古税(first-best Pigouvian tax)的特征,同时对于监管和执行的信息需求可以实现最小化.该文在一个局部均衡框架下,比较研究了5种不同情境下,基于环境税的两部门政策对农业面源污染的规制效应.结果表明:基于环境税的两部门规制政策会诱导道德风险,因为面源污染不仅与污染性要素投入本身有关,而且与要素投入的使用方式关联.实现社会最优面源污染排放的政策组合至少有2种:①对污染性要素投入征税,对耕地的使用进行补贴的政策组合;②对农业产出和高污染、低成本的粪肥使用行为征税,而对非污染性要素投入和低污染、高成本的粪肥使用行为进行补贴的政策组合.     

Cetacean rapid assessment: An approach to fill knowledge gaps and target conservation across large data deficient areas

1. Many species and populations of marine megafauna are undergoing substantial declines, while many are also very poorly understood. Even basic information on species presence is unknown for tens of thousands of kilometres of coastline, particularly in the developing world, which is a major hurdle to their conservation.
2. Rapid ecological assessment is a valuable tool used to identify and prioritize areas for conservation; however, this approach has never been clearly applied to marine cetaceans. Here a rapid assessment protocol is outlined that will generate broad‐scale, quantitative, baseline data on cetacean communities and potential threats, that can be conducted rapidly and cost‐effectively across whole countries, or regions.
3. The rapid assessment was conducted in Tanzania, East Africa, and integrated collection of data on cetaceans from visual, acoustic, and interview surveys with existing information from multiple sources, to provide low resolution data on cetacean community relative abundance, diversity, and threats. Four principal threats were evaluated and compared spatially using a qualitative scale: cetacean mortality in fishing gear (particularly gillnets); cetacean hunting, consumption or use by humans; shipping related collision risk and noise disturbance; and dynamite fishing.
4. Ninety‐one groups of 11 species of marine mammal were detected during field surveys. Potentially the most important area for cetaceans was the Pemba Channel, a deep, high‐current waterway between Pemba Island and mainland Africa, where by far the highest relative cetacean diversity and high relative abundance were recorded, but which is also subject to threats from fishing.
5. A rapid assessment approach can be applied in data deficient areas to quickly provide information on cetaceans that can be used by governments and managers for marine spatial planning, management of developments, and to target research activities into the most important locations.