光电技术在农业工程中的应用与展望

我国是农业生产大国，农业种植面积和多种农产品产量居世界前列，但是我国农业生产自动化程度相对较低，农业效益提升潜力大。光电技术在提升农业效益方面大有可为。概述了光电技术在农业工程中的应用现状，并展望了光电技术在农业工程中的发展趋势。      

茶园节能型开沟刀设计与试验

针对茶园机械化开沟减阻减耗需要,设计茶园节能型开沟刀,用于减小茶园开沟时的开沟功耗。通过理论分析确定节能型开沟刀侧切刃与正切刃曲线方程,通过离散元仿真方法确定侧切刃螺旋线终点处滑切角与正切刃在侧切刃平面内展开曲线终点处静态滑切角分别为62°、56°。对设计完成的节能型开沟刀进行田间试验,试验结果表明:在开沟深度为15、20、25 cm时,节能型开沟刀的开沟功耗分别为0.093、0.107、0.128 kW,均小于对照组通用开沟刀的开沟功耗,说明设计的节能型开沟刀在各个开沟深度均能够达到降低开沟功耗的目的。此外节能型开沟刀在不同开沟深度的沟深稳定性系数均大于90%,高于国家标准和对照组通用开沟刀试验结果,说明设计的节能型开沟刀在降低作业功耗的同时,可保证开沟质量。     

200CS伴能在直播水稻上施用效果试验研究

Perennial live paddy planting rice on the basis of conventional fertilization, by basal + can, tillering, closed herbicide + company + can, can (20% less nitrogen) basal + partner, 100% of nitrogen in the whole stages base + can with different processing, performance from the growth of rice, rice tillering, leaf chlorophyll value, yield and increasing costs, unit yield inceement, VCR, etc, with increasing can improve rice leaf chlorophyll content, promote rice tillers, makes the rice growth, significantly increase rice yield and output value, according to labor saving, has demonstrated and value.     

岩溶流域典型农业区水体氢氧同位素的空间异质性及形成机制

分别于平水期和枯水期采集了花溪河流域典型农业区地表水和地下水样品。利用氢氧同位素示踪技术,结合土地利用类型对研究区不同水体的补给来源、季节变化及主要影响过程进行了分析,并对不同水体氢氧同位素值进行了空间插值分析,同时对其形成机制进行了分析,阐明了不同土地利用类型影响下的主要水文过程。结果表明:(1)研究区不同水体的主要补给来源为当地大气降水,月亮湖水库受蒸发作用影响明显,地表水和地下水的δD和δ~(18)O整体上呈现平水期高于枯水期的特征。(2)地下水的δD和δ~(18)O在枯水期与平水期均呈现明显的空间分异性特征,西部水田/水库集中区富集,东部旱地集中区贫化,土地利用对研究区环境水文过程影响明显。该研究结果有助于了解不同土地利用方式下地表水对地下水的影响,为流域管理提供科学依据。     

Glacier mass balance in High Mountain Asia inferred from a GRACE release-6 gravity solution for the period 2002–2016

We provide estimates of glacier mass changes in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) area from April2002 to August 2016 by employing a new version of gravity solutions of the Gravity Recovery and ClimateExperiment (GRACE) twin-satellite mission. We find a total mass loss trend of the HMA glaciers at a rateof –22.17 (±1.96) Gt/a. The largest mass loss rates of –7.02 (±0.94) and –6.73 (±0.78) Gt/a are found forthe glaciers in Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas, respectively. Although most glaciers inthe HMA area show a mass loss, we find a small glacier mass gain of 1.19 (±0.55) and 0.77 (±0.37) Gt/a inKarakoram Mountains and Western Kunlun Mountains, respectively. There is also a nearly zero massbalance in Pamirs. Our estimates of glacier mass change trends confirm previous results from the analysisof altimetry data of the ICESat (ICE, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite) and ASTER (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) satellites inmost of the selected glacier areas. However, they largely differ to previous GRACE-based studies which weattribute to our different post-processing techniques of the newer GRACE data. In addition, we explicitlyshow regional mass change features for both the interannual glacier mass changes and the 14-a averagedseasonal glacier mass changes. These changes can be explained in parts by total net precipitation (netsnowfall and net rainfall) and net snowfall, but mostly by total net radiation energy when compared to datafrom the ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis. Moreover, nearly all the non-trend interannual masschanges and most seasonal mass changes can be explained by the total net radiation energy data. The massloss trends could be partly related to a heat effect due to increased net rainfall in Tianshan Mountains, QilianMountains, Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas. Our new results for the glacier mass changein this study could help improve the understanding of glacier variation in the HMA area and contribute tothe study of global change. They could also serve the utilization of water resources there and in neighboringareas.     

Dietary β‐carotene improves growth performance and antioxidant status of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary synthetic β‐carotene on growth performance, haematological and immunological parameters, energy reserves and antioxidant status of juvenile fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Two hundred and ten fish (12.24 ± 2.98 g) were fed with a control extruded feed (CEF) and the same diet supplemented with β‐carotene (BEF) for 90 days. A higher weight gain and specific growth rate were found in fish fed BEF in comparison with those fed CEF. In addition, BEF‐fed fish showed lower liver somatic index and a higher percentage of eosinophils. No statistical differences were found in energy reserves, except for plasma triglycerides which decreased in fish fed with BEF. Regarding oxidative stress markers, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes were found in intestine and gills of BEF‐fed fish (SOD and GST, respectively). In the liver, both LPO levels and CAT activity decreased in fish fed with BEF. Additionally, lower brain LPO levels without changes in the antioxidant enzymes were observed in BEF‐fed fish. The inclusion of dietary synthetic β‐carotene improved growth and antioxidant status, and had a plasma triglyceride‐lowering effect in juvenile P. mesopotamicus.     

浑善达克沙地杨树水分利用特征

为探究浑善达克沙地杨树的水分利用特征。本文利用氢和氧同位素示踪技术,测定了降雨、土壤水与地下水的δ18O值,利用多元线性混合模型定量计算了杨树对不同土层土壤水分的利用比例。结果表明:①浑善达克沙地大气降雨方程线为:δDLWML=7.84δ^18OLWML+9.12,斜率比全国降雨方程偏小,体现了研究区降雨少,蒸发大的气候特征;②土壤含水量与地下水位埋深、降雨量、植物生长期的变化有着显著的相关关系。降雨量较大与地下水位埋深较浅的时期,土壤含水量明显增大,在植物生长前期和中期,土壤含水量明显较低;③杨树在雨季,利用了大量的浅层土壤水(0~40 cm),在较为干旱的旱季,利用了大量的深层土壤(160~200 cm)水与少量的地下水。     

赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的化学组成、能量密度及对鳜的营养价值

为评价赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)和麦瑞加拉鲮(Cirrhinus mrigala)对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)的营养价值,分别测定了体质量为(5.27±1.03)g的赤眼鳟、(5.05±1.21)g的麦瑞加拉鲮和(5.19±0.92)g的鳜的化学组成,估算了这3种鱼的能量密度,以探讨赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜的可行性。结果显示,赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的全鱼蛋白质含量显著高于鳜,水分显著低于鳜(P0.05),必需氨基酸指数分别高达92.56%±2.31%和93.17%±0.36%,多数必需氨基酸的化学评分≥0.82。而赤眼鳟的脂肪和能量密度更高,显著高于麦瑞加拉鲮和鳜,灰分显著低于麦瑞加拉鲮(P0.05)。研究表明,这两种鱼对鳜都具有较高的营养价值,但赤眼鳟的营养价值更高,以赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜是可行的,这为转变鳜的养殖方式提供了参考。