茶园节能型开沟刀设计与试验

针对茶园机械化开沟减阻减耗需要,设计茶园节能型开沟刀,用于减小茶园开沟时的开沟功耗。通过理论分析确定节能型开沟刀侧切刃与正切刃曲线方程,通过离散元仿真方法确定侧切刃螺旋线终点处滑切角与正切刃在侧切刃平面内展开曲线终点处静态滑切角分别为62°、56°。对设计完成的节能型开沟刀进行田间试验,试验结果表明:在开沟深度为15、20、25 cm时,节能型开沟刀的开沟功耗分别为0.093、0.107、0.128 kW,均小于对照组通用开沟刀的开沟功耗,说明设计的节能型开沟刀在各个开沟深度均能够达到降低开沟功耗的目的。此外节能型开沟刀在不同开沟深度的沟深稳定性系数均大于90%,高于国家标准和对照组通用开沟刀试验结果,说明设计的节能型开沟刀在降低作业功耗的同时,可保证开沟质量。     

200CS伴能在直播水稻上施用效果试验研究

Perennial live paddy planting rice on the basis of conventional fertilization, by basal + can, tillering, closed herbicide + company + can, can (20% less nitrogen) basal + partner, 100% of nitrogen in the whole stages base + can with different processing, performance from the growth of rice, rice tillering, leaf chlorophyll value, yield and increasing costs, unit yield inceement, VCR, etc, with increasing can improve rice leaf chlorophyll content, promote rice tillers, makes the rice growth, significantly increase rice yield and output value, according to labor saving, has demonstrated and value.     

Glacier mass balance in High Mountain Asia inferred from a GRACE release-6 gravity solution for the period 2002–2016

We provide estimates of glacier mass changes in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) area from April2002 to August 2016 by employing a new version of gravity solutions of the Gravity Recovery and ClimateExperiment (GRACE) twin-satellite mission. We find a total mass loss trend of the HMA glaciers at a rateof –22.17 (±1.96) Gt/a. The largest mass loss rates of –7.02 (±0.94) and –6.73 (±0.78) Gt/a are found forthe glaciers in Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas, respectively. Although most glaciers inthe HMA area show a mass loss, we find a small glacier mass gain of 1.19 (±0.55) and 0.77 (±0.37) Gt/a inKarakoram Mountains and Western Kunlun Mountains, respectively. There is also a nearly zero massbalance in Pamirs. Our estimates of glacier mass change trends confirm previous results from the analysisof altimetry data of the ICESat (ICE, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite) and ASTER (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) satellites inmost of the selected glacier areas. However, they largely differ to previous GRACE-based studies which weattribute to our different post-processing techniques of the newer GRACE data. In addition, we explicitlyshow regional mass change features for both the interannual glacier mass changes and the 14-a averagedseasonal glacier mass changes. These changes can be explained in parts by total net precipitation (netsnowfall and net rainfall) and net snowfall, but mostly by total net radiation energy when compared to datafrom the ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis. Moreover, nearly all the non-trend interannual masschanges and most seasonal mass changes can be explained by the total net radiation energy data. The massloss trends could be partly related to a heat effect due to increased net rainfall in Tianshan Mountains, QilianMountains, Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas. Our new results for the glacier mass changein this study could help improve the understanding of glacier variation in the HMA area and contribute tothe study of global change. They could also serve the utilization of water resources there and in neighboringareas.     

温度效应下磁流变阻尼器动力学仿真建模与试验

为了精确预测磁流变阻尼器在温度效应下的动力学性能规律,提出一种参数化的仿真建模方法。采用磁流变液试验实测数据拟合方法,建立粘温特性相关非线性物理参数方程;基于Bingham力学模型及对温度效应的影响分析,运用ANSYS软件编译UDF程序、设置模型参数进行参数化仿真建模,以Fluent模块求解粘滞阻尼力,以Emag模块求解库伦阻尼力。搭建温度效应下磁流变阻尼器力学试验平台,并通过试验对仿真模型进行修正、对比与验证,讨论不同温度对阻尼力、能量耗散的变化规律。结果表明,温度效应主要影响粘滞阻尼力,仿真结果与试验实测值高度吻合;不同温度和电流下阻尼器的能量耗散与温度成反比,与库伦阻尼力成正比。仿真建模方法可预测分析输出阻尼力特征,以对磁流变阻尼器进行结构设计和参数优化。     

甘南臧区太阳能主被动联合采暖系统性能

中国藏区冬季太阳能仍然十分丰富，太阳能采暖潜力巨大。为了利用太阳能实现清洁供暖，以甘肃省合作市上浪坎木村2座含被动式阳光间建筑面积为170 m2的单体建筑为研究对象，其中一座使用被动式阳光间和太阳能集热器循环加热采暖，另一座使用被动式阳光间和牛粪直燃炉采暖，在相同的环境条件下对比研究了室内热环境、系统经济性和环境效益，研究结果表明：在48 d的测试期内，太阳能主被动联合采暖系统中客厅温度47 d高于14 ℃，只有1 d室内最低温度为13.3 ℃，太阳能主被动联合采暖系统很好地满足了建筑采暖需求，被动式阳光间和牛粪直燃炉联合采暖室内温度不均匀，温差大，客厅温度普遍低于12 ℃；太阳能主被动联合采暖系统比被动式阳光间和牛粪直燃炉联合采暖每个采暖季节省标煤4.3 t，可减少CO2、粉尘、SO2、NOx排放量依次为10.7，2.92，0.322和0.161 t，动态投资回收期4.9 a，证实了系统的可行性、节能性和经济性，可用于指导不同地区太阳能主被动结合供暖系统的优化设计和推广应用。     

聚光集热苦咸水蒸馏装置中含吸光颗粒水体的光吸收特性

传统太阳能蒸馏装置存在传热热阻大,传热换热环节多等缺陷,导致太阳能蒸馏装置热能利用效率低和淡水产量小,鉴于此,该文设计一种新型基于聚光集热的苦咸水蒸馏装置,利用抛物碟式聚光器将入射太阳光汇聚并直接在含有大量黑色多孔颗粒苦咸水体内完成光热转化,克服了传统太阳能蒸馏器光传输方向与热传输方向相反的缺点,减少了装置传热换热环节,使得聚光直接加热苦咸水蒸馏产水得以实现,该文对于装置中实现光热直接转化的水体光吸收特性展开试验测试和理论分析,借助光学积分箱对影响水体模拟受热温升阶段和沸腾蒸发阶段光吸收特性的吸光颗粒粒径、颗粒丰度及光程等因素展开研究。结果表明,含较小粒径吸光颗粒的水体光吸收特性较好,在模拟受热温升过程中,含粒径为0.5 mm颗粒的水体最大光吸收比比含有粒径为1.0 mm颗粒的水体增加9.0%,模拟受热沸腾过程中,丰度为6.7 g/L水体光吸收比是丰度为0.75 g/L水体的4.94倍,且水体光吸收比随沸腾程度呈指数函数变化规律。该研究结果为太阳能苦咸水蒸馏技术的热能高效利用提供参考。     

麦角硫因抑制双孢蘑菇褐变及其与能量代谢关系

【目的】控制和降低运输与贮藏过程中的褐变是目前双孢蘑菇保鲜的重点。研究麦角硫因处理对双孢蘑菇采后褐变的抑制效果,进一步分析褐变与能量代谢关系,为控制褐变和延长其保质期提供科学依据和生产指导。【方法】对具有代表性的双孢蘑菇品种AS2796喷涂浓度为0.12 mmol·L-1的麦角硫因溶液,对照组采用超纯水处理,于4℃低温下贮藏17 d,贮藏时定期测定其褐变度、菌盖白度、丙二醛含量(MDA)和能量相关物质(ATP、ADP、AMP含量)、能荷及琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)、H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase等线粒体呼吸代谢相关酶活性。【结果】随着贮藏时间的延长,双孢蘑菇的褐变度和MDA含量逐渐增加,菌盖白度不断下降。与对照组相比,麦角硫因处理延缓了MDA含量和褐变度的上升及菌盖白度的下降,保护了细胞膜的完整性,降低了膜脂过氧化程度,有效抑制了双孢蘑菇菌盖表面及内部组织的褐变。贮藏过程中,双孢蘑菇的ATP含量呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,且始终维持在较高水平,最低点(贮藏第17天)也高于0.6 mg·g-1。整个贮藏期间,双孢蘑菇的ADP和AMP含量逐渐上升,处理组的ATP和AMP含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),而ADP含量始终低于对照组。能荷值不断下降,但处理组双孢蘑菇的能荷值始终略高于对照组。表明麦角硫因处理延缓了双孢蘑菇采后ATP含量的下降,提高了ATP的利用效率,在一定程度上维持了较高的能荷水平。麦角硫因处理的双孢蘑菇SDH、H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),且CCO酶活性在贮藏前期(第5天)和贮藏末期(第17天)相较于对照组也有所提升,从而维持了更好的线粒体功能,保证了ATP的高效合成。【结论】麦角硫因处理明显抑制了双孢蘑菇采后褐变,且其对褐变的抑制作用与能量代谢密切相关。     

Dietary β‐carotene improves growth performance and antioxidant status of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary synthetic β‐carotene on growth performance, haematological and immunological parameters, energy reserves and antioxidant status of juvenile fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Two hundred and ten fish (12.24 ± 2.98 g) were fed with a control extruded feed (CEF) and the same diet supplemented with β‐carotene (BEF) for 90 days. A higher weight gain and specific growth rate were found in fish fed BEF in comparison with those fed CEF. In addition, BEF‐fed fish showed lower liver somatic index and a higher percentage of eosinophils. No statistical differences were found in energy reserves, except for plasma triglycerides which decreased in fish fed with BEF. Regarding oxidative stress markers, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes were found in intestine and gills of BEF‐fed fish (SOD and GST, respectively). In the liver, both LPO levels and CAT activity decreased in fish fed with BEF. Additionally, lower brain LPO levels without changes in the antioxidant enzymes were observed in BEF‐fed fish. The inclusion of dietary synthetic β‐carotene improved growth and antioxidant status, and had a plasma triglyceride‐lowering effect in juvenile P. mesopotamicus.     

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in all‐plant protein diets on growth,antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism of bullfrog Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation in all‐plant protein diets were evaluated on growth, antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism of Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana. Six diets were prepared: a basal fish meal diet (FM), an all soybean meal diet (SM) and four GAA‐supplemented diets by adding 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g GAA/kg to the SM diet (GAA2, GAA4, GAA6 and GAA8 diets). Triplicate groups of bullfrog (45 ± 0.2 g) were fed the diets to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. Total substitution of FM with SM led to significantly (p < .05) reduced growth and feed utilization. Adding 0.4 g GAA/kg to the SM diet significantly improved growth performance, and the values were comparable to those of FM group. SM and GAA2 groups showed drastically lower serum total antioxidant capacity than FM, GAA4 and GAA6 groups. Also, SM and GAA2 groups showed significantly lower catalase activity than FM and GAA8 groups. A remarkable increase in serum malondialdehyde concentration was detected in SM and GAA2 groups. FM and GAA6 groups exhibited significantly higher serum creatinine concentration than other groups. Muscle creatine kinase activity and glycogen content were significantly decreased in SM group and application of 0.4–0.6 g GAA/kg significantly improved their values. GAA4 group showed significantly lower pyruvate kinase activity than FM and GAA6 groups. Also, GAA2 and GAA4 groups had significantly lower succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity than other treatments. These findings show that supplementing 0.4 g/kg GAA to SM‐based diets improves growth, antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism.