Selection of a new scallop strain,QN‐2, from the backcross of Peruvian scallop × bay scallop F1 hybrids with bay scallops

Cross‐breeding has been successfully applied in agriculture and aquaculture industries to improve important production traits. In our previous studies, we produced the F₁ hybrids with high heterosis in growth by crossing the bay scallops with the Peruvian scallops and selected a new strain, Bohai Red, from the F₁ hybrids. In this study, we selected another new strain from the backcross (BC₁) of the F₁ hybrids with bay scallops. The base cohort (G₀) was size‐selected from the BC₁, and the G₁, G₂, G₃ and G₄ cohorts were produced with size‐selected brood stocks from the G₀, G₁, G₂ and G₃ cohorts respectively. Our results showed that average shell height, shell length, shell width and whole body weight of the G₄ cohort were increased by 16.8%, 16.8%, 11.5% and 43.6%, respectively, compared with the unselected control group of bay scallop. This new strain has now become one of the major cultured Argopecten scallops in northern China waters and was later named QN‐2.     

饲料投喂及清淤对养殖库湾水环境的影响

为探究缩减饲料投喂量及清淤对养殖库湾水环境的影响,在鲢、鳙放养密度均为20 g/m~3的基础上,设置4个处理组库湾,分别为B1(不清淤、饵料投喂减半)、B2(清淤、不投饵)、B3(清淤、饵料投喂减半)和B4(不清淤、饵料投喂正常),实验周期为9个月。结果显示:4个库湾的总氮浓度、总磷浓度、高锰酸盐指数、藻类生物量从低到高分别为B2、B4、B1、B3,B2、B1、B4、B3,B2、B1、B4、B3,B2、B1、B3、B4(P0.05),浮游动物生物量之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。由此可见,B2无论是在营养盐的控制还是在藻类的控制方面均取得了最佳的效果。作为养殖库湾,其主要功能是得到更高的鱼产量。在达到养殖水质要求的情况下,为了得到更高的鱼产量,应合理地利用饵料。因此,对于养殖用水的处理,要根据具体的水质条件,采用合理的修复方式,实现水质改善和养殖生产的双赢。     

封闭型植物工厂发展现状与展望

经过多年探索和发展,封闭型植物工厂无论在材料、装置和技术都取得了快速进步,生产产量成数倍增长。在介绍发展封闭型植物工厂必要性的基础上,着重分析了封闭型植物工厂的发展现状、设施分类、栽培形式选择、栽培技术选择,最后指出了存在的问题,并对未来的封闭型植物工厂外部设施及其栽培技术进行了展望。     

Crosses between two subspecies of bay scallop Argopecten irradians and heterosis for yield traits at harvest

In order to improve the yield of bay scallop Argopecten irradians by exploiting geographic subspecies heterosis, crosses between and within two subspecies, the northern A. i. irradians (Lamarck) and the southern A. i. concentricus (Say), were created and the offspring were cultured under the same environmental conditions. The two parental populations were collected from Bohai Bay in northern China and Beibu Bay in southern China, which were distinct in particular shell colours. The results indicated that the shell colour of bay scallop was inheritable and could be used as a morphological mark to distinguish hybrid and purebred individuals. At harvest, hybrid offspring always produced a significantly higher yield than purebred offspring. Positive heterosis was achieved for shell length, shell height, shell width, total weight and adductor weight, which was 5.02, 5.22, 3.88, 7.53 and 9.47 respectively. Hybrid gain was 10.86% for shell length, 10.48% for shell height, 9.77% for shell width, 34.90% for total weight and 41.69% for adductor weight, respectively, and all were significantly >5%. The present study reveals that it is effective for improving yield by hybridization between different geographic subspecies in the bay scallop.     

恢复阶段退化草地资源与营养评价

摘要：选取内蒙古自治区克什克腾旗达来诺日镇典型草原区封育7年恢复中天然放牧草地,于2008年6-10月对草地进行野外实地考察和调查,分析草地生产力、草地资源以及草地营养物质动态变化并对草地牧草饲用价值进行评价,进而探讨草地理论载畜能力,为建立科学合理的围封恢复草地（原）放牧管理体系以及促进草地畜牧业的可持续发展提供理论指导。结果表明,经过7年的围封恢复,退化至冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）+小禾草阶段的草原生态系统基本恢复到以羊草（Leymus chinensis）和克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）为主的草原群落,整个生长期群落平均盖度37.5%,密度184.6株/m2,平均自然高度18.3 cm,平均鲜草生物量154.3 g/m2,最高产量达到358.6 g/m2;在整个牧草生长期,草群保持着较高的粗蛋白（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）、可消化总养分（TDN）和代谢能（ME）含量,平均分别为12.06%、1.87%、57.4%和8.31 MJ/kg,体现出封育后草地牧草较高的饲用价值;根据草地牧草产量估算得出的暖季产量载畜量为0.656 hm2/羊单位,根据牧草与绵羊营养指标（CP、ME、TDN）供需关系估算出草地营养载畜量分别为0.513、0.802和0.774 hm2/羊单位。试验区草地经过7年围封,生态恢复效果明显,草地承载力提高,优等饲用牧草种类增多,营养价值高,家畜亦喜食,适于牛羊适度放牧利用。     

渤海湾地区‘大果水晶梨’黑星病的发生与防治

自从‘大果水晶梨’引入渤海湾地区以后,梨黑星病的发生越来越严重。经过近10年的调查,总结分析该地区‘大果水晶梨’黑星病的为害症状、传播途径、发病关键期和防治要点,推动该地区‘大果水晶梨’黑星病的综合防治研究和抗病育种工作。     

开阔型港湾紫菜埕地轮养菲律宾蛤仔的研究

利用开阔型港湾紫菜养殖埕地空闲季节，进行小型试验并指标大面积轮养菲律宾蛤仔，选择含沙星８０％－９０％的沙泥稳定底质，海水比重１．０１６－１．０２２，大潮干露２－４小时，流速８０－１００厘米／秒，饵料丰富的海区，１－２月份播种壳长２．０－２．２厘米的一龄大蛤苗，密度１０００个／米＾２。     

威海伴月湾公园景观规划设计

在城市化水平日益增长的今天,人们已经意识到城市生态环境建设的重要性,沿海城市均有公园建设和港湾绿地的营造,那么如何构建与城市自身相和谐的滨海公园,如何营造和谐港湾,将是一个盛行不衰的话题。本文以威海伴月湾公园景观规划设计为例,来诠释这一相关问题。     

Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test Method Optimization for Analysis of Temperate Mineral Grassland Soils

ABSTRACT

A reliable and practical test that can provide timely measurements of the levels of mineralizable nitrogen (MN) in soil is critical for improving the accuracy of N fertilizer applications for grassland and crops. The Illinois soil N test (ISNT) is considered to be a good estimate of MN, once soils are grouped according to soil characteristics such as the drainage type and sampling depth. To date, development and evaluation of the ISNT method has been conducted using arable soils mainly in North America where, in general, soils have lower levels of soil organic matter (SOM) compared to temperate grassland soils. We evaluated the effects of two pre-treatment soil aggregate sizes of <1 mm and <2 mm on the yield and recovery of MN (1) across temperate grassland soil types, and (2) across a 6-h interval diffusion period. No significant difference existed in the concentrations of ISNT-N between the two soil aggregate sizes of each soil type. For both aggregate sample sizes, the recovery of spiked amino sugar-N glucosamine from a temperate grassland soil was generally linear until hour 5, after which the quantities of recovered N diminished. Although N recovery after 6 h of diffusion at 50°C (±1°C) was less than 100% in both aggregate size samples, the response models indicated that the standard ISNT protocol using a 5-h diffusion period is appropriate for temperate grassland soils. The incomplete recovery of N in these mineral soils suggested that the protocol could be further optimized for temperate soils with high organic matter content and additional evaluation of the temperature during diffusion within an enclosed environment may be required using N (spiked glucosamine-N) recovery studies.     

千万不可忽视良种黄牛的保种问题

阐述了良种牛保种的重要意义．基因的随机漂移、选择与杂交、近交是特定基因从群体中消失的主要原因，群体及其有效含量和系统选育的科学组织是保种的重要内容。最后介绍我国良种牛的保种方法及其存在的问题，并提出解决的办法。