Reproductive characteristics and variations in the biochemical composition of Neptunea arthritica cumingii crosse through embryonic development

The copulation, egg laying, embryonic development and changes in amino acids and fatty acids in Neptunea arthritica cumingii during embryogenesis were studied to understand the embryo development process and nutritional requirements in the early life phase. The results showed that N. arthritica cumingii has direct development within the egg capsule and the development of embryos was classified into five stages: cleavage, egg swallowing, protoconch forming, shell development and juvenile. Embryos develop through the provision of nurse eggs as an extra‐embryonic source of nutrition. As development continued, the body of the embryo began to coil. After about 70–80 days, young N.arthritica cumingii started to emerge through a hole underneath the capsule. Biochemical results showed that the total amount of amino acids showed a decreasing trend as embryonic development progressed. The content of all nine essential amino acids decreased significantly from the egg‐swallowing stage to the post‐larva stage (p < .05). Concentrations of five of the seven nonessential amino acids also showed a decreasing trend from the egg‐swallowing stage to the post‐larva stage; the exceptions were Ala and Gly. Gly is the only amino acid that consistently increased in concentration during the development process. Most fatty acids increased after the eggs hatched, except for C20:1, C20:2, C22:5 and C22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). The data in this study may provide a starting point for the formulation of well‐balanced early‐stage larval diets, although N.arthritica cumingii is still in the exploration stage.     

Inhibiting fungus on largemouth bass eggs with copper sulfate and its toxicity to fry and juveniles

This study determined the effectiveness of copper sulfate (CuSO₄) to inhibit fungal growth (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) on largemouth bass (LMB) eggs spawned on/in fiber mats in very high-alkalinity/-hardness waters; experiments also determined the toxicity of CuSO₄ to LMB fry and juveniles. An untreated control and three CuSO₄ concentrations (10, 20, and 40 mg/L) were tested under a flow-through scenario in the effectiveness experiment. Eggs were treated daily until hatching began. Fungal load at the time of hatch had a total area > 3.0 cm² in the untreated controls, total area 1.0 to <2.0 cm² in the 10 and 20 mg/L CuSO₄ treatments, and total area > 1.0 cm² in the 40 mg/L CuSO₄ treatments. Fungus samples were identified as Saprolegnia australis. The 24-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) values on the LMB yolk-sac and swim-up fry were 32.0 and 4.6 mg/L CuSO₄, respectively; the No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC) were 16.0 and 0.125 mg/L CuSO₄, respectively. Juvenile LMB were extremely tolerant to CuSO₄, and their 24-hr LC50 value was 185.5 mg/L; the NOEC was 64 mg/L. This study indicates that CuSO₄ can be an important resource for hatcheries to control egg fungus, especially in high-alkalinity/-hardness waters.     

5种药物对异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵孵化的影响

在水温21~23℃,pH 6.2~6.5条件下,采用半静水试验法,按等对数间距设置药物质量浓度梯度,日换水50%,补充药物50%,24 h观察记录1次,比较美婷Ⅱ、霉灵、纳他霉素、杀毒矾和高锰酸钾5种药物对异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵水霉抑制作用及孵化率的影响。试验结果显示,试验药物对受精卵水霉生长均有一定抑制作用,其抑霉率为美婷Ⅱ>霉灵>高锰酸钾、纳他霉素和杀毒矾,但杀毒矾对异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵的毒副作用较大,显著降低了受精卵孵化率,不宜使用;美婷Ⅱ、霉灵、纳他霉素和高锰酸钾对异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵的适宜使用质量浓度分别为4.90~6.50、1.97~3.87、1.50、2.50 mg/L,使用方法为长时间浸浴,可有效抑制受精卵孵化过程中水霉的生长,显著提高受精卵孵化率,适合在异育银鲫"中科3号"受精卵孵化过程中使用。     

鸡蛋自动上料装置机构分析与试验

为了优化鸡蛋加工生产线吸盘自动上料装置的结构参数,并确定样机安装中关键零部件同步位置,对该装置的核心部分——吸盘摆臂组合机构进行了结构分析和运动仿真。结果表明:由曲柄摇杆、齿轮和同步带串联组合的吸盘摆臂组合机构自由度为1、曲柄整周转动、摇杆往复摆动60°、摆臂往复摆动180°;同步带角度补偿可以保证在摆臂180°摆动中,吸盘组件始终处于水平状态,保证鸡蛋水平搬运;摆臂末端运动参数(位移、速度、加速度)变化曲线显示,当摇杆摆动到2个极位146°和206°附近时,摆臂存在一段水平速度为零的垂直上下运动,分别对应曲柄84°~108°和252°~312°,以确保吸蛋和放蛋时吸盘垂直运动;为了保证该装置同步协调运动,样机安装时必须使曲柄在96°时,摇杆处在146°、摆臂处在174°位置。样机试验表明:理论分析和仿真结果与样机实测值一致性较好。     

复合酶解脱盐咸蛋清的工艺优化

为了提高脱盐咸蛋清蛋白的酶解效率,采用胰蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶对脱盐咸蛋清蛋白进行复合酶酶解。结果表明:在加酶量(胰蛋白酶∶复合蛋白酶∶风味蛋白酶=1∶2∶2)0.04%,料液比1∶3(g/m L)、pH值7.5、酶解温度50℃条件下酶解4 h,可获得水解液清亮、无苦味、具有较好的鸭蛋蛋清风味特征、感官品质评分88分、水解度为47.2%的蛋清酶解液。     

不同插竿方式诱集稻田福寿螺产卵的效应

【目的】研究田间不同插竿方式对福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata产卵的影响。【方法】通过插竿位置、插竿间距、插竿高度及竹竿形状4个因素研究不同的插竿方式对福寿螺产卵的诱集效率。【结果】稻田插竹竿能诱集福寿螺在其上产卵,且在竹竿上收集到的福寿螺卵块数量呈现返青期拔节期抽穗期的变化趋势。在效果最明显的返青期,距离田埂1 m的竹竿对螺卵诱集效率达到50%以上,显著高于其他位置竹竿及对照水稻茎秆上的卵块数(P0.05);距离田埂2 m的竹竿次之,距离田埂3 m的竹竿和对照最少。间距100 cm的竹竿诱集螺卵效率为41%,间距30 cm的为33%,显著高于间距70 cm及未插竹竿区域内水稻茎秆上的卵块数(P0.05)。顶端距离水面高度30 cm的竹竿与距离水面高度50 cm的竹竿诱集产卵效率分别为43%和40%,显著高于高度10 cm及未插竹竿区域内水稻茎秆上的卵块数(P0.05)。圆形竹条与扁竹竿在此时期收集得到的卵块数无显著差异。水稻移栽后,在靠近田埂1 m处和顶端距离水面30~50 cm的高度扦插1圈间距为100 cm的竹竿,在福寿螺为害盛期,螺卵发生密集的小范围区域内减小间距为30 cm沿田埂内周扦插1圈竹竿,均能达到较好的螺卵防除效果。【结论】实际生产中在田间合理地扦插竹竿可有效减少福寿螺卵块,降低福寿螺繁殖率,减少螺害。本研究可为物理控螺提供一条新的有效途径。     

鸭种蛋质量和蛋形指数对孵化效果的影响

【目的】研究鸭入孵蛋质量与蛋形指数对孵化过程中种蛋质量、孵化成绩及雏鸭初生体质量的影响。【方法】将同一天收集的黑鹜鸭(H)、建昌鸭(J)和农华肉鸭P系(P)种蛋测量其入孵蛋质量、长径和短径,计算蛋形指数。将种蛋分别按入孵蛋质量和蛋形指数分为3组,进行同批变温孵化,从孵化第7天起每3d照蛋1次,称量并记录种蛋质量,剔除无精蛋和死胚蛋,从孵化第26天起每天检查出雏情况,记录雏鸭初生体质量。计算入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率、孵化期间种蛋质量损失量和质量损失率,分析鸭入孵蛋质量和蛋形指数对孵化效果的影响。【结果】3个品种不同入孵蛋质量和蛋形指数的种蛋质量损失量和质量损失率无显著差异,且变化趋势相同。入孵蛋质量分组方面,黑鹜鸭1组(质量64.84g/枚)、建昌鸭1组(质量76.94g/枚)和农华肉鸭P系1组(质量88.03g/枚)的受精蛋孵化率最高,黑鹜鸭2组(质量64.84~76.28g/枚)、建昌鸭1组(质量76.94g/枚)和农华肉鸭P系1组(质量88.03g/枚)的入孵蛋孵化率最高;蛋形指数分组方面,黑鹜鸭3组(1.42)、建昌鸭1组(1.30)和农华肉鸭P系3组(1.39)的受精蛋孵化率和入孵蛋孵化率均最高。各品种雏鸭初生体质量与入孵蛋质量呈显著正相关(P0.05),与蛋形指数无明显相关性(P0.05)。【结论】孵化过程中鸭种蛋的质量损失量和质量损失率与入孵蛋质量和蛋形指数无关,不同鸭品种的最佳入孵蛋质量与蛋形指数范围不同;雏鸭初生体质量随入孵蛋质量的增大而增大,但蛋形指数对其无显著影响。     

Reproductive performance of fairy shrimp Branchinecta orientalis (G. O. Sars 1901) (Crustacea: Anostraca), fed with effluent of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) ponds

Aquaculture production is predicted to increase sharply. In this regard, live feed plays a crucial role in the larval phase of many aquaculture organisms. Hence, a persistent concern in aquaculture is to find low‐cost and eco‐friendly feed sources to culture live feed organisms. Branchinecta orientalis (G. O. Sars 1901), a fresh/brackish water fairy shrimp, was reared using effluent from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) ponds, either fresh but supplemented with two species of microalgae, Scenedesmus sp. and Haematococcus sp., or non‐supplemented but after “ageing” of the culture medium. The feeding experiment was designed at a density of 100 individuals L^?1 in 2‐L vessels. The results indicated that differences between final length, survival and most reproductive parameters of the treatment with aged medium and the treatment using fresh medium supplemented with Scenedesmus sp. were non‐significant (p > .05). Better results were obtained for a number of reproductive parameters in the treatment supplemented with Haematococcus sp. Thus, for intensive resting egg production of B. orientalis, microalgae can be replaced by aged non‐supplemented effluent from trout ponds as a nutrient‐rich feed source. This consequently can reduce drainage of nutrients into the environment and thus decrease aquatic pollution.