猪活动区域多孔介质模型及其阻力系数的CFD模拟

旨在尝试将躺卧姿势下的猪体简化成不同几何形状以求取其阻力系数,并分析它们的差异性。本研究采用校核过的CFD模型,模拟探究了简化猪模型、半椭球模型、椭球模型和半圆柱模型4种不同躺卧猪模型对猪群区域在X、Y和Z3个垂直方向上阻力系数的影响,分析了4种模型对猪栏内气流以及压力分布的影响。结果表明,椭球模型的惯性阻力系数相比半椭球模型与半圆柱模型更加接近简化猪模型,其在X、Z和Y方向上的惯性阻力系数与简化猪模型之间的相对误差分别为-4.0%、-12.2%和14.7%,并且气流与压力分布基本一致。因此,采用椭球模型代替简化猪模型进行建模计算不仅能保证准确度还能有效提高计算效率。     

Long-term dynamics of leaf and root decomposition and nitrogen release in a grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) stands

The decomposition of the leaf litter, fine roots (d?<?2?mm) and coarser roots (2?≤?d?<?5?mm) of grey alder and silver birch, as well as of α-cellulose sheets using the litterbag method was studied in two experimental stands on Podzoluvisol soils in Southern Estonia. For both tree species, the coarser roots decomposed faster than the fine roots, (p?<?.05), tree species did not affect the decomposition rate of the roots (p?>?.5). The nitrogen (N) input to soil from aboveground litter was multiple times higher than the N flux from roots. The remaining relative ash-free mass of the leaves of grey alder and silver birch after three and a half years was similar. After 11 years the remaining relative ash-free mass of the fine and coarser roots of grey alder still accounted for around 10% of the initial value. For silver birch the remaining value was around 20% after 9 years. The litterbag method to underestimates in fertile soils the decomposition of organic matter and thus did not reflect the actual dynamics of decomposition.     

Population dynamics of the potato cyst nematode,Globodera pallida,in relation to temperature,potato cultivar and nematicide application

The impact of increasing temperatures on the population dynamics of the soil-dwelling nematode Globodera pallida, a persistent and economically important pest of potatoes, was investigated. The reproductive factor (final population⁄initial population) and length of life cycle were found to be temperature sensitive. Pot experiments performed over 4 months allowed comparison of the effect on development of G. pallida of two temperature regimes: an average temperature comparable to current field conditions (14.3 °C) and an average temperature above current field conditions (17.3 °C). A larger second generation of juveniles was observed at 17.3 °C compared to 14.3 °C. Multiplication of G. pallida at field sites in Shropshire and East Lothian (average soil temperatures of 15.5 and 14.1 °C, respectively, during potato cropping) was also examined. A quantitative PCR assay and visual examination of roots were used to monitor the dynamics of the G. pallida populations in both field sites at 4-weekly intervals. Four cultivars, Desirée, Cara, Maris Piper and Estima, were grown with and without nematicide treatments. Nematicide treatments suppressed population increases at both sites. Females were observed on the roots of cvs Cara and Desirée at the end of the growing season in Shropshire, but not at East Lothian, and are likely to represent a second generation.     

无界域上非自治Reaction-Diffusion方程的后向紧动力学

在非自治外力项是后向λ-缓增有限的和后向尾部渐近趋于零的假设条件下,运用cut-off函数、后向Granwall不等式、后向Granwall-type不等式获得了无界域上非自治Reaction-Diffusion方程拉回吸引子的后向紧性.     

青光安颗粒剂对自发型青光眼小鼠眼压的影响

目的 研究青光安颗粒剂在青光眼中对眼压的影响。方法 选用不同月龄共30只DBA/2J雌性小鼠，根据月龄采用随机数字表法分为3组，每组10只，20眼。分为正常对照组（3月龄）、模型对照组（9月龄）、青光安组（9月龄）。正常对照组与模型对照组每日以相同量蒸馏水灌胃；青光安组每日以青光安灌胃。3组均以常规饲料喂养。利用经前房注入/抽吸系统进行眼压测量，分别以2.5、5 μL/min的速率继续进行灌注，计算房水流畅系数和房水流出阻力。结果 自6月龄开始，小鼠眼压轻微上升，随着月龄的增加而逐步上升，9月龄时显著升高；青光安颗粒剂灌胃后所得眼压较模型组均有不同程度降低（P<0.05），房水流畅系数均明显增加（P<0.01），房水流出阻力均降低（P<0.01）。结论 青光安颗粒剂能通过影响房水动力学因素达到降低青光眼眼压的作用。     

不同类型地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨不同类型地膜覆盖下农田土壤酶活性变化特征，试验设置普通地膜覆盖（P）、渗水地膜覆盖（SS）、生物降解地膜覆盖（SW）和光降解地膜覆盖（G）4种不同类型地膜覆盖模式，以露地不铺膜覆盖（CK）为对照，研究不同类型地膜覆盖方式对玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：SS、G、SW和P 4种覆膜处理下的碱性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶在各个生育期内都较CK高，而覆膜之后的脲酶、过氧化氢酶和亚硝酸还原酶则较CK有所降低；大喇叭口期的土壤脲酶活性最高，不同处理间表现为CK > G > SW > SS > P；收获期的土壤碱性磷酸酶活性最高，SS、SW、P和G处理在0~20 cm土层较CK增幅分别为16.17%、18.97%、16.34%和14.56%，土壤硝酸还原酶活性也是收获期最高，SS、SW、P和G处理在0~20 cm土层分别较CK高68.57%、42.86%、42.86%和25.71%；土壤碱性磷酸酶与硝酸还原酶活性的变化均与土壤呼吸率和玉米产量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），各个生育期的土壤水热和施肥状况不同也会引起土壤酶活性的相应变化。其中，SW和SS处理在玉米生育前期的保温保墒作用最明显，产量最高，相应的碱性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性也最高。因此，生物降解地膜由于其降解特性能达到缓解农田残膜污染的效果，在未来可替代普通地膜推荐应用到旱地玉米中。     

Interacting effects of yak dung deposition and litter quality on litter mass loss and nitrogen dynamics in Tibetan alpine grassland

The effects of grazing‐induced dung deposition on plant growth and soil attributes are well established, but little is known about dung effects on litter decomposition. Here, we tested effects of yak dung on litter decomposition and nutrient content in a Tibetan alpine meadow. We incubated litter of four common alpine meadow species using litter bags in the field. Two low‐quality species (Kobresia capillifolia and Elymus nutans) with low nitrogen (N), high C/N and Lignin/N, and two high‐quality species, (Saussurea nigrescens and Thermopsis lanceolata) were incubated in monoculture with and without dung addition. Mass loss of leaf litter, fibre fraction (cellulose, hemi‐cellulose and lignin), N and phosphorus (P) were measured after 6, 12 and 18 months of incubation in the field. Dung addition significantly increased decomposition constants for low‐quality litter species, but not for high‐quality litter species. Dung addition promoted cellulose and hemi‐cellulose loss, but lignin loss was not affected by dung addition, except after 12 months for high‐quality litter species. Dung reduced N immobilization after 6 months and did not affect subsequent release in low‐quality litter species, and promoted N release after 6 and 12 months in high‐quality litter species. Regardless of litter quality, dung increased P release after 6 and 12 months. Our results suggest grazing‐induced dung deposition may accelerate C and nutrient turnover, primarily through increasing the mass loss of low‐quality litter, P release from litter and N release from high‐quality litter. The mechanisms underlying the effects of dung deposition need to be clarified in future studies.     

射流式鱼泵输送草鱼的性能研究

为了分析射流式鱼泵输送草鱼的性能及其损伤因素,文章设计了一台喉管直径为60 mm的射流式鱼泵,开展了草鱼输送实验,并采用高速摄影和计算流体力学方法进行了研究。结果显示,该射流式鱼泵在扬程2.24m时最高草鱼输送能力达918 kg·h~(-1),其所需水功率为2.83 k W。进一步的检测表明,部分实验鱼有鳞片脱落的情况,但未出现游泳异常,解剖后也未发现内脏受损等情况;实验鱼在过泵后呼吸频率及部分血液指标存在明显变化,但在24 h内基本可以恢复。数值模拟和高速摄影方法分析得出,剪切层是造成实验鱼泵内鳞片脱落的主要原因,撞击伤是由内流偏转诱导实验鱼撞击泵内壁面产生的,包含压力梯度在内的水力因素都可能使实验鱼产生应激反应。但由于鱼类在泵内时间极短,上述因素都不会致实验鱼死亡。     

青藏高原草地降水利用效率时空动态及对气候变化的响应

本研究利用CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型模拟了2000—2013年青藏高原草地净植被生产力(Net Primary Production，NPP)，结合实测数据、气象数据和土地覆被数据计算了草地降水利用效率（PUE），探究其时空分布特征，以及不同草地类型PUE及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：青藏高原草地PUE在研究年限内呈现波动增加趋势，增加速率为每年0.0035 g·m^-2·mm^-1，14 a的平均值为0.38 g·m^-2·mm^-1。PUE的空间分布具有明显的异质性，呈现东部高、中西部低的基本格局。PUE分布在0.2～0.4 g·m^-2·mm^-1之间的比例最大，占青藏高原总面积的55.63%，呈减少趋势的区域主要分布在青藏高原的北部和西部，以及东部的边界地区，呈增加趋势的地区集中在研究区的中部和南部。研究年限内PUE的变异系数分布在0.07～0.85之间，变化稳定的区域所占面积最大，为总面积的43.43%，主要分布在唐古拉山脉和横断山脉附近。不同草地类型间PUE均值存在差异，具体表现为：草甸（1.06 g·m^-2·mm^-1）>坡面草地（0.80 g·m^-2·mm^-1）>平原草地（0.30 g·m^-2·mm^-1）>高山与亚高山草甸（0.29 g·m^-2·mm^-1）>荒漠草地（0.23 g·m^-2·mm^-1）>高山与亚高山草地（0.094 g·m^-2·mm^-1）。总体上，青藏高原草地PUE与降水成负相关关系，而与气温呈正相关，PUE的变化对降水响应更加敏感。     

氟铃脲在韭菜中的残留分析及膳食风险评估

为评价氟铃脲在韭菜中使用的安全性,开展氟铃脲在韭菜中的残留量及残留降解研究。进行1年4地田间试验。消解动态试验按氟铃脲11250 g/ha(562.5 g a.i/ha,推荐最高剂量的1.5倍)施药;最终残留试验按氟铃脲11250 g/ha(562.5 g a.i/ha,推荐最高剂量的1.5倍)和7500 g/ha(375 g a.i/ha,推荐最高剂量)施药,施药1~2次,施药间隔7d,1次施药按照药后间隔10、14、21d采集韭菜样品;2次施药按照末次药后间隔7、10、14d采集韭菜样品。液相色谱串联质谱法对氟铃脲进行定量分析。田间消解动态试验表明:氟铃脲在韭菜中消解较快,在山东保护地和安徽露地半衰期分别为7.7和11.5d。膳食风险评估结果表明,氟铃脲在韭菜中的残留风险处于安全水平。建议使用5%氟铃脲乳油防治韭蛆,用药量7500~11250 g/ha,韭菜收割后2~3d,根部喷淋,最多施药2次,施药间隔7d,安全间隔期为14 d。