饲粮精料水平和蛋氨酸铬添加剂量对舍饲滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和脂肪沉积的影响

本试验旨在探究饲粮精料水平和蛋氨酸铬(Cr-Met)添加剂量对舍饲滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和脂肪沉积的影响。采用2×3双因素试验设计,2个因素分别为饲粮精料水平和Cr-Met添加剂量,其中饲粮精料水平分别设为35%(低精料饲粮,饲粮精粗比为35∶65)和55%(高精料饲粮,饲粮精粗比为55∶45),Cr-Met添加剂量分别设为0、0.75和1.50 g/(d·只)。将60只雄性滩羊羔羊[平均体重为(21±1)kg]随机分配到6个试验组,每组10只。试验期为80 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期65 d。结果显示:1)与低精料饲粮组相比,高精料饲粮组滩羊的平均日增重、屠宰率、背膘厚度、肌内脂肪含量和后腿肉比重显著增加(P<0.05),但料重比与肌肉蒸煮损失、剪切力、pH、亮度(L*)值、红度(a*)值和黄度(b*)值则显著降低(P<0.05)。2)低精料饲粮组滩羊背膘厚度、皮下脂肪厚度、肌内脂肪含量和后腿肉比重随Cr-Met添加剂量的增加而线性降低(P<0.05),但肌肉pH则线性升高(P<0.05)。3)高精料饲粮组滩羊肋肉比重、腰肉比重以及肌肉剪切力和pH随Cr-Met添加剂量的增加而线性升高(P<0.05),而肌内脂肪含量和肌肉a*值则线性降低(P<0.05)。综合本试验测定指标,建议在滩羊养殖中选择精粗比为55∶45的高精料饲粮,Cr-Met的适宜添加剂量为1.50 g/(d·只),且不建议在精粗比为35∶65的低精料饲粮中添加Cr-Met。     

Evidence of sedimentation inequality along riparian areas colonised by Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam)

Soil loss from riparian areas supporting the annual invasive weed, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam), was measured and compared with equivalent values recorded at nearby, topographically similar areas supporting perennial vegetation over a cumulative seven-year period, along sections of two separate river systems; one in Switzerland, and one in the UK. Soil loss from colonised locations was significantly greater than from reference locations in four of the seven measurement periods. Despite contrasting results, standard deviations, based on soil losses and gains, were predominantly higher for colonised areas at both rivers over most monitoring periods. These findings indicated that areas colonised by Himalayan balsam experience higher sediment flux in comparison with areas free of invasion. Here, we test those original interpretations by reinterrogating the datasets using a more robust analysis of inequality. Nine datasets were tested, five of which (i.e. 56%) showed that sediment flux was significantly greater at Himalayan balsam-invaded areas than at reference areas. Three datasets showed no difference in sediment flux between invaded and reference areas (33%), and one (11%) showed higher sediment flux at reference areas. Most results uphold our original interpretations and support our hypothesis that hydrochory probably dictates where colonisation initially occurs, by depositing Himalayan balsam seeds in slack or depressional areas along river margins. Once Himalayan balsam becomes established and sufficient perennial vegetation is displaced, seasonal die-off and depleted vegetation cover may increase the risk that some areas will experience significantly higher sediment flux.     

小麦Glu-3位点基因拷贝数的变异分析

【目的】基因拷贝数变异是一种常见又重要的基因结构变异,往往影响个体表型。低分子量麦谷蛋白（low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit,LMW-GS）是小麦贮藏蛋白的主要组成部分,位于Glu-3位点。小麦作为异源六倍体,其庞大且复杂的基因组结构导致难以利用传统方法检测目的基因的拷贝数,针对小麦基因组,筛选可靠稳定的内参基因和体系,探索适合复杂基因组的拷贝数变异测定技术,测定Glu-3位点LWM-GS基因拷贝数。【方法】以Acc1为内参基因,根据基因序列设计内参引物和探针,通过定性和定量PCR测定内参基因在12个普通小麦品种中的拷贝数,分析该基因拷贝数在不同品种间的稳定性;又以小麦品种篙优2018的5个稀释浓度的基因组DNA为模板,利用qRT-PCR验证Acc1内参系统的重复性和准确性;根据Glu-A3位点LMW-GS基因序列设计特异性引物及探针,利用qRT-PCR和ddPCR 2种方法检测8个小麦品种Glu-A3位点基因拷贝数,比较后选择更优的高通量基因拷贝数检测方法;再根据Glu-B3和Glu-D3位点LMW-GS基因序列设计相应的特异性引物及探针,并利用ddPCR技术检测和分析了231份小麦品种的Glu-A3、Glu-B3和Glu-D3位点上LMW-GS基因拷贝数。【结果】Acc1在12个普通小麦品种间、同一品种5个DNA稀释浓度间的拷贝数测定结果一致,技术重复间的变异系数仅为0.07%—0.77%,所构建的Acc1内参系统稳定;比较qRT-PCR和ddPCR 2种拷贝数检测方法,8个品种所测的Glu-A3位点拷贝数结果一致,分别为3、5、3、4、3、3、3和3;且ddPCR检测重复间的变异系数为0.30%—1.67%,远低于qRT-PCR的3.14%—12.72%,更加可靠;利用ddPCR对231份普通小麦品种的Glu-A3、Glu-B3和Glu-D3位点上LMW-GS基因拷贝检测后分析发现,大多数小麦品种在3个位点上的拷贝数为4,所占频率分别为51.95%、32.03%和28.57%,Glu-3位点总拷贝数变异范围为10—21,变异系数为16.12%。【结论】Acc1内参系统具有良好的稳定性和重复性,可以用作小麦Glu-3位点和其他目的基因拷贝数检测的内参;qRT-PCR和ddPCR均可用于小麦基因拷贝数的检测,但后者更稳定、可靠,且操作简单、检测通量高。     

Dietary Lipid Levels Affect the Growth Performance,Lipid Deposition,and Antioxidative Capacity of Juvenile Scaleless Carp,Gymnocypris przewalskii,on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

A 56‐d growth trial was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, lipid deposition, and antioxidative capacity of juvenile scaleless carp, Gymnocypris przewalskii, on Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. One‐year‐old juveniles (initial weight: 15.99 ± 0.02 g) were fed practical diets with different lipid levels of 4, 5.5, 7, 8.5, and 10%, respectively. Results showed that the best specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion rate, and total antioxidative capacity (T‐AOC) in hepatopancreas were observed in fish fed the diet with 7% lipid level. Fish fed with high lipid diets (8.5 and 10%) had significantly higher condition factor and viscerosomatic index as well as lipid in muscle, intestine, mesenteric fat tissue, and whole body. Highest level of hepatopancreas lipase and lipoprotein lipases activities as well as malondialdehyde content and the lowest level of feed intake and T‐AOC content in hepatopancreas and intestine were also observed in fish fed with high lipid diets (8.5 and 10%) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, based on SGR and hepatopancreas T‐AOC content, dietary lipid requirement of juvenile G. przewalskii was estimated to be 7.35 and 7.39%, respectively.     

华北玉米农田大气/植被界面氨气和铵盐动态变化研究

为系统研究大气/植被界面还原性氮(氨气和铵盐,NHx)的动态变化,选择华北典型玉米农田生态系统,于2016年8月和9月开展了2次综合观测实验,同步采集并测量了植被冠层大气中氨气和铵盐浓度(气溶胶和降水)、玉米叶片和土壤中铵盐含量。结果表明:实验期间(玉米抽穗期和花粒期),植被冠层氨气和铵盐浓度的平均值分别为30.6±6.8μg·m~(-3)和5.9±3.3μg·m~(-3),变化范围分别为21.1~37.6μg·m~(-3)和2.1~8.0μg·m~(-3);降水过程造成植被冠层的气溶胶铵盐浓度下降了75%,这一比例(被降水湿清除的效率)显著高于氨气。玉米叶片中铵盐含量从植株顶端到底部呈现下降趋势,变化范围为0.17~0.25 mg·g~(-1)(抽穗期)和0.74~1.20 mg·g~(-1)(花粒期),且呈现随温度升高而升高的日变化特征。抽穗期植株氨气补偿点为1.9±1.4μg·m~(-3),远低于大气氨气浓度31.4±4.8μg·m~(-3);花粒期植株氨气补偿点52.0±30.7μg·m~(-3),高于大气氨气浓度29.3±11.7μg·m~(-3)。8月10—13日玉米抽穗期,大气活性氮通过降水、气体和气溶胶3种途径输入到农田的总量约25 mg N·m~(-2)·d~(-1),是农田土壤和作物可利用氮的重要来源。农田氮管理中需要充分考虑植被与冠层大气氨的交换过程。     

砾石覆盖条件下盐碱土边坡降雨侵蚀水动力学特征

为了探究砾石覆盖对盐碱土坡面侵蚀的减沙效应,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下降雨径流水动力学特征及产沙受砾石覆盖的影响。试验坡度选取15°和30°,雨强选取92,119mm/h,坡面砾石覆盖度分别为0,10%,20%,40%,60%,80%,采用染色示踪法测定坡面径流流速。结果表明:不同坡度和雨强条件下,水流产沙率随坡面砾石覆盖度增大先增后减;雷诺数与弗劳德数均随砾石覆盖度增大呈先增后减的抛物线趋势,曼宁糙率、Dracy-Weisbach阻力系数、坡面径流剪切力和径流功率均与坡面砾石覆盖度呈线性正相关;径流功率预测产沙率效果较好,二者呈对数关系(R2=0.47)。     

科尔沁沙地典型沙丘植被光谱特性

采用Field Spec4(美国ASD)的便携式光谱仪对科尔沁5种典型沙丘植被的光谱曲线进行测量,并对其特征进行提取分析。结果表明,1)5种典型沙丘植被黄柳(Salix gordejevii)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)、麻黄(Herbal ephedrae)、差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)和小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)的光谱形态大致相同。根据原始光谱差异和多个光谱特征参数可以区分植被类型。"红边斜率"由高到低依次为冷蒿(0.99%)小叶锦鸡儿(0.68%)黄柳(0.59%)麻黄(0.58%)差巴嘎蒿(0.56%)。2)对差巴嘎蒿不同季节光谱反射率特性进行比较分析得知,随植被生长期推移,差巴嘎蒿呈现出"双峰"和"红移"现象,但该现象并不明显。由于研究区在7月份出现持续干旱,植被缺水严重,导致差巴嘎蒿的"红边位置"在7月6日出现微小浮动,显现两个"红边平台"。3)分析不同覆盖度下差巴嘎蒿的光谱特性,差巴嘎蒿的导数光谱呈现"双峰"特性,且当覆盖度大于40%时,"红边位置"与覆盖度并无直接联系,但"红边斜率"与覆盖度呈正比关系。对不同覆盖度下差巴嘎蒿光谱可见光波段的连续统去除,得到吸收深度随覆盖度的增加而增大,吸收峰面积随覆盖度的增加而减小,对覆盖度敏感性参数比较可知,研究该地区差巴嘎蒿覆盖度变化优先考虑吸收峰面积。因此,基于植被高光谱特性的分析,对于今后利用遥感监测沙丘植被长势、植被分类识别及反演植被覆盖度等的应用提供重要的参考价值。     

甘薯双垄旋耕起垄覆膜机的设计及试验研究

针对传统甘薯双垄旋耕起垄覆膜机具存在结构强度差、作业效率不高、垄体不规范等问题,研究设计一款与55~80kW大型拖拉机配套的新型甘薯双垄旋耕起垄覆膜机。采用理论设计与试验相结合的方法,对起垄覆膜的影响因子及各部件间最优结构参数、工作参数、协调关系进行研究分析。结果表明:甘薯种植起垄覆膜不规范、效果差主要与机具前进速度、压膜机构高度及旋耕深度有很大关系,主次因素顺序为:前行速度压膜机构高度旋耕深度,优选组合为:前行速度0.3m/s、压膜机构高度360mm、旋耕深度400mm。     

Spatial disparities in neighborhood public tree coverage: Do modes of transportation matter?

Urban green space has various environmental and ecological benefits, and uneven access to such amenities has drawn substantial attention from policy makers in developing sustainable community planning. In this study, we illustrate the spatial distribution of publicly owned and maintained trees in Edmonton, Canada and assess neighborhoods’ heterogeneous tree availability by using the container approach. Through spatial regression models, we further investigate the association of neighborhood public tree availability with socio-economic status (SES). We contribute to the existing literature by taking resident modes of transportation into consideration, in addition to many other commonly examined SES such as household income and ethnicity. Another unique contribution of this study is that we distinguish trees planted on different location types (i.e., boulevard, park, and buffer areas) when exploring the unequal coverage across neighborhoods and among different SES groups. Key results include: (1) a general examination without differentiating location types can lead to misleading results and thus provide inappropriate policy recommendations; (2) resident modes of transportation is a critical factor associated with a neighborhood’s public tree coverage; and (3) there exists evident spatial dependence on public tree availability between neighborhoods. The results from this study provide important information to better understand the issue and to allocate public resource (such as tree coverage) more efficiently and effectively to support sustainable community development.