Evaluation of different types of compost tea to control rose powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae)

Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae) is an important foliar disease which is found in all rose-producing greenhouses. An experiment was carried out in a commercial greenhouse in Hashtgerd, Iran, in 2014 to investigate whether compost teas can be used to control this disease. Taguchi's design of experiment (Taguchi's DOE) method was used to plan a minimum number of experiments and optimization to control rose powdery mildew. The test included three factors, namely the different types of compost tea (aerated and non-aerated compost tea, aerated and non-aerated vermicompost tea), the dosage (1:8 and 1:16, compost:water), and the number of spray applications (once and twice per week). The experiment was set up as an orthogonal array L₈ with three replicates. Based on the experimental results, the optimum treatment combination for controlling rose powdery mildew was found to be aerated compost tea with 1:8 dilution with an application of twice per week.     

瓠瓜(Lagenaria siceraria)白粉病抗性的全基因组关联分析

白粉病是瓜类作物重要病害之一。本研究采用苗期人工接种方法,研究了117份瓠瓜微核心种质对白粉病的抗性,并基于不同材料的病情指数和基因型数据,进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association analysis,GWAS)。利用2014年和2018年的抗病表型数据,分别鉴定到22个和13个与白粉病抗性相关的SNPs,其中2个SNPs位点在两年试验中同时被检测到。进一步研究发现不同瓠瓜材料的白粉病抗性与其携带有利等位变异数目成正相关。本研究为克隆瓠瓜抗白粉病相关基因、研究其抗病机制提供科学依据,促进了瓠瓜抗白粉病分子育种。     

基于太赫兹衰减全反射技术的花生霉变程度判别

为了能够可靠、快速、便捷地检测花生仁不同程度的霉变,研究了一种基于太赫兹时域光谱技术、分别结合误差反向传播(Back propagation,BP)神经网络算法与支持向量机算法(Support vector machine,SVM)的霉变花生定性分析方法。为排除不同样本带来的偶然性,实验随机采集花育36号、鲁花9号两个花生品种进行霉变培养。依据花生的感官特征与前人的研究经验,将花生分为正常、轻度霉变、中度霉变与严重霉变4类,采用太赫兹衰减全反射技术采集花生仁样本光谱(波段0. 3～3. 6 THz)。利用傅里叶变换方法对时域光谱信号进行频域变换并进行加窗处理,然后对所得频域信号进行光学常数吸光度与吸收系数的提取,得到样本的光学常数信号,并进行特征波段筛选。在此基础上分别建立BP神经网络定性分析模型与SVM定性分析模型。实验表明,BP神经网络模型对花育36号花生霉变模型的预测集识别正确率为88. 57%,对鲁花9号花生霉变模型的预测集识别正确率为91. 40%;Lib-SVM模型对两个品种花生霉变的二分类模型、3类霉变花生的三分类模型的预测集识别正确率均为100%。应用太赫兹时域光谱技术结合SVM算法检测霉变花生仁效果良好,具有一定的可行性。     

Cryptic species and population genetic structure of Plasmopara viticola in São Paulo State,Brazil

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the most important diseases in grape-growing areas worldwide, including Brazil. To examine pathogen population biology and structure, P. viticola was sampled during the 2015/16 growing season from 516 lesions on nine grape cultivars in 11 locations in subtropical areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. For identification of cryptic species, a subsample of 130 isolates was subjected to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis, and for 91 of these isolates the ITS1 region was sequenced. These analyses suggest that the population of P. viticola in São Paulo State consists of a single cryptic species, P. viticola clade aestivalis. Seven microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic structure of all 516 P. viticola isolates, identifying 23 alleles and 55 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). Among these MLGs, 34.5% were clonal and represented 93% of the isolates sampled. Four dominant genotypes were present in at least five different locations, corresponding to 65.7% of the isolates sampled. Genotypic diversity (Ĝ = 0.21–0.89) and clonal fraction (0.58–0.96) varied among locations (populations). Most populations showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg expectations; in addition, excess of heterozygosity was verified for many loci. However, principal coordinate analysis revealed no clusters among locations and no significant isolation by distance was found, suggesting high levels of migration. The results indicate that downy mildew epidemics result from multiple clonal infections caused by a few genotypes of P. viticola, and reproduction of P. viticola in São Paulo State is predominantly asexual.     

黄瓜白粉病抗性基因定位及候选基因分析

【目的】通过对黄瓜白粉病抗性基因的精细定位,明确抗性基因的候选区段,为进一步克隆基因及解析基因功能奠定基础。【方法】本研究选用高抗白粉病资源(自交系‘74’)和感白粉病资源(自交系‘80’)配制杂交组合,构建F_1、F_2群体,利用单囊壳白粉菌鉴定亲本及群体白粉病抗性并进行遗传分析;采用BSA-seq的方法对黄瓜白粉病抗性基因进行初步定位,在此基础上在候选区段开发分子标记,进一步精细定位白粉病抗性基因。【结果】分离群体单株表型鉴定结果表明,自交系74的抗性是由不完全隐性基因控制的。BSA-seq技术初步将抗性基因定位于5号染色体15—25 Mb位置,命名为PM 74。最终,利用分子标记将抗性基因定位于SSR15321和SSR07531之间,遗传距离为3.06 c M,物理距离为238 444 bp,可解释41.95%的表型变异。生物信息学分析表明在候选区段内包含有17个候选基因,其中Cucsa.275630为TIR-NBS-LRR类基因。【结论】本研究将黄瓜白粉病抗性基因精细定位到约238 kb的候选区段内,区段内包含有一个TIR-NBS-LRR基因,该基因将是今后研究的重点候选基因。     

枯草芽胞杆菌微粉剂的研制及其对黄瓜白粉病的防治效果

 以枯草芽胞杆菌母药为研究对象,通过对载体、分散剂、表面活性剂、保护剂的筛选,确定了枯草芽胞杆菌微粉剂的最佳配方。其配方为:枯草芽胞杆菌母药50%、载体白炭黑20%、分散剂萘磺酸钠盐甲醛缩合物(NNO)2%、表面活性剂烷基萘磺酸盐(EFW)3%、保护剂羧甲基纤维素(CMC)1.5%、载体硅藻土补足至100%。测定结果表明:枯草芽胞杆菌微粉剂含菌量为2.11×10¹⁰ CFU·g^-1,分散指数89.56,浮游指数87.57,坡度角74°,pH 6.1,杂菌率2.1%,含水率0.67%,粒径8.15 μm,热贮分解率为4.67%,产品各项指标均达到标准。盆栽条件下,枯草芽胞杆菌微粉剂用量1 000 g·(hm²)^-1时喷粉对黄瓜白粉病的保护效果优于治疗效果,防效分别为89.08%和84.95%;田间试验,枯草芽胞杆菌微粉剂在用量为1 000 g·(hm²)^-1时喷粉对黄瓜白粉病的保护效果为80.66%。     

Temporal disease dynamics and relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in an isolated vineyard in the North Georgia Mountains,USA

The North Georgia Mountains are the southernmost region along the United States East Coast where European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) are grown commercially. Epidemics of downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, are frequent and severe, but little is known about the epidemiology and population biology of the pathogen in this region. Disease monitoring in an experimental vineyard from 2015 to 2017 indicated that times of disease onset and progress rates were highly variable across years and cultivars. Oospores were observed microscopically, and simulation with a process-based model indicated presence of conditions favourable for oospore germination in the spring and early summer each year. A total of 409 P. viticola isolates collected over three  years were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers, revealing very high genotypic diversity, which when combined with the observation of oospores is indicative of a sexually reproducing population. Among the 409 isolates, 225 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, of which 164 were detected only once and 61 were repeated (clonal). Eight MLGs (represented by 28 isolates) were detected across years, suggesting the possibility of asexual overwintering of P. viticola in this region. Across sampling dates, the percentage of isolates belonging to nonrepeated (unique) MLGs ranged from 27.3% to 63.2%. Even towards the end of the annual epidemic, the percentage of isolates in nonrepeated MLGs was still relatively high, around 30%. These MLGs may have originated from oospores germinating late during the growing season, although incomplete sampling at earlier dates and contribution by immigration cannot be fully excluded.     

抗白粉病胡麻种质资源田间鉴定与筛选

白粉病目前已成为影响胡麻产量和质量最常见的病害之一, 种植抗病品种是防控病害最经济环保的有效措施, 然而抗病亲本材料的缺乏已成为制约抗病品种选育的关键因素。为筛选出抗白粉病胡麻材料, 本研究在田间自然感病的条件下, 采用病情指数法对300份国内外胡麻种质资源材料进行了抗白粉病鉴定和评价。结果表明, 所有供试材料均程度不同地感染胡麻白粉病, 无免疫材料, 仅有5份材料为中抗; 其余295份均为感病材料, 其中8份材料中感, 52份材料感病, 235份材料高度感病。本研究可为抗白粉病胡麻品种的培育及相关抗病基因的发掘提供参考。     

中国野生毛葡萄芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23调控抗白粉病的研究

利用同源克隆法得到抗白粉病的中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤–2’芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23的开放阅读框，并构建过表达载体；通过器官发生途径诱导不抗白粉病的欧洲葡萄‘无核白’分生愈伤组织并采用农杆菌介导法对其进行转化；经过PCR检测和Western blot鉴定，获得了5株VqSTS11超量表达植株和3株VqSTS23超量表达植株；人工接种白粉菌发现，转基因植株中白粉菌菌丝生长速度慢，孢子萌发受到一定的抑制，并且转基因植株中芪合酶基因相对表达量升高，抗病相关基因表达上调，芪类物质含量积累增多。本研究结果进一步证明中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤–2’芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23对白粉菌具有抗性，‘丹凤–2’可以为改良欧洲葡萄品种抗病性提供抗病基因，作为抗病育种的资源。