用线粒体D-loop和Cyt b基因序列分析拉氏(鲮)3个群体的遗传结构和遗传分化

用线粒体DNA的D-loop和Cytb基因序列分析方法研究了吉林延吉、敦化和辽宁法台3个区域的29尾拉氏鱼岁Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowsky的遗传多样性.经PCR扩增和测序,获得了783～785bp D-loop和818bpCyt b的同源序列.两者多态性遗传参数统计显示,29尾个体分别存在47(D-loop)和89(Cyt b)个变异位点,分别检测出15 (D-loop)和1l(Cyt b)个单倍型,总群体单倍型(Hd)分别为0.8966 (D-loop)和0.8990(Cyt b),核苷酸多样性指数(Px)分别为0.0246(D-loop)和0.0498 (Cyt b),平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为19.2857(D-loop)和40.7365(Cytb).分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,79.02％(D-loop)和81.69％(Cyt b)变异来自群体间,20.98％(D-loop)和18.31％(Cyt b)来自群体内.单倍型呈明显的地理差异,分成2个分支,一个以延吉群体为主,一个以法台群体为主.拉氏(鲮)的遗传多样性水平较高,群体间遗传分化明显.该结果可为拉氏(鲮)的种质资源保护提供参考.     

盛夏一次大暴雨过程成因分析

利用常规高空、地面观测资料以及FY-2E卫星云图等资料,对2017年8月19—20日发生在陕西省商南县青山镇的大暴雨天气过程进行综合分析。结果表明,东路冷空气和副高是此次暴雨的主要影响系统;副高外围的西南暖湿气流、西南涡东北侧切变后西北干冷气流和山东半岛低涡后东路回流湿冷气流这3股气流在商洛上空的交汇,为此次大暴雨过程提供了充沛的水汽和能量;暴雨区上空垂直运动发展旺盛且深厚,为大暴雨提供了抬升条件;高空急流右侧的强辐散为大暴雨上升运动和深对流形成提供了重要条件。双重辐合-辐散产生的强烈上升运动,抽吸作用明显,为深对流的发展提供了条件,也促进了大暴雨区附近小尺度系统的产生和维持。喇叭口地形触发了γ尺度对流云团的生成和发展,3个γ尺度对流系统的发展,造成2次强降水叠加形成此次大暴雨天气过程。     

四种鱚属鱼类线粒体Cyt b基因的序列变异及系统发育研究

测定和分析了4种鱚属(Sillago)鱼类:斑鱚(Sillago aeolus)、亚洲鱚(S. asiatica)、多鳞鱚(S. sihama)和少鳞鱚(S. japonica)线粒体细胞色素b基因序列片段,比较了不同鱚属鱼类种间的序列差异,探讨了彼此间系统发育关系和分类地位。结果显示,4种鱼类平均核苷酸组成为T 29.9%、C 29.2%、A 21.5%、G 19.3%,种间平均净遗传距离在0.157到0.280之间。最大似然法构建的系统树显示,少鳞鱚和亚洲鱚首先聚类、再与多鳞鱚和斑鱚相聚,斑鱚是最晚分化出的鱼类。基于Cyt b基因序列核苷酸分歧速率计算得出4种鱼类发生遗传分化时间在距今785—1400年前的第三纪中新世(Miocene)。     

Divergence of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during an outbreak of ovine mastitis

Bacterial infections causing mastitis in sheep can result in severe economic losses for farmers. A large survey of milk samples from ewes with mastitis in Sardinia, Italy, indicated an increasing prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. It has been shown previously that during chronic, biofilm-associated infections P. aeruginosa populations diversify. We report the phenotypic and genomic characterisation of two clonal P. aeruginosa isolates (PSE305 and PSE306) from a mastitis infection outbreak, representing distinct colony morphology variants. In addition to pigment production, PSE305 and PSE306 differed in phenotypic characteristics including biofilm formation, utilisation of various carbon and nitrogen sources, twitching motility. We found higher levels of expression of genes associated with biofilm formation (pelB) and twitching motility (flgD) in PSE305, compared to the biofilm and twitching-defective PSE306. Comparative genomics analysis revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and minor insertion/deletion variations between PSE305 and PSE306, including a SNP mutation in the pilP gene of PSE306. By introducing a wild-type pilP gene we were able to partially complement the defective twitching motility of PSE306. There were also three larger regions of difference between the two genomes, indicating genomic instability. Hence, we have demonstrated that P. aeruginosa population divergence can occur during an outbreak of mastitis, leading to significant variations in phenotype and genotype, and resembling the behaviour of P. aeruginosa during chronic biofilm-associated infections.     

The potential drivers in forming avian biodiversity hotspots in the East Himalaya Mountains of Southwest China

Little has been published to describe or interpret Asian biodiversity hotspots, including those in the East Himalayan Mountains of Southwest China (HMSC), thus making necessary a review of the current knowledge. The Pliocene and Pleistocene geological and glacial histories of the Asian continent differ from those of Europe and North America, suggesting different mechanisms of speciation and extinction, and, thus, different responses to climate changes during the Quaternary glaciations. This short review summarizes potential drivers in shaping and maintaining high species richness and endemism of birds in the HMSC. The geographical location at the junction of different biogeographical realms, the wide range of habitats and climates along the extensive elevational range, the complex topography and the distinct geological history of this region have probably contributed to the evolution of an exceptionally species‐rich and endemic‐rich, specialized montane avian fauna. The Mountain systems in the HMSC may have provided refugia where species survived during the glacial periods and barriers for preventing species dispersal after the glacial periods. More studies are required to further test this refugia hypothesis by comparing more cold‐tolerent and warm‐tolerent species.     

黑石顶自然保护区巨蚓科蚯蚓系统发育分析

巨蚓科蚯蚓是我国的主要蚯蚓类群,运用分子系统学方法研究其系统发育具有重要价值。本研究采用测定的线粒体COI、12S与16S基因序列,分析其序列特征,构建了广东黑石顶自然保护区的巨蚓科蚯蚓的最大似然树与贝叶斯树,确定该区域物种间的分子系统发育关系,明确远盲蚓属与腔蚓属均非单系群。研究还基于松散分子钟估算了不同物种之间的分化时间。该保护区的巨蚓科祖先进行物种分化起于始新世中期[42.88百万年前(Ma)],其腔蚓属蚯蚓约起源于中新世前期。     

Evidence for genetic distinction among sympatric ecotypes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in south‐western Alaskan lakes

Resource polymorphism may play an important role in the process of speciation. The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) exhibits great phenotypic and genetic diversity across its range, making it an ideal species for studies of resource polymorphism and divergence. Here, we investigated genetic variation at 11 microsatellite loci among 287 Arctic char from five isolated yet proximate postglacial lakes in south‐western Alaska that were previously examined for resource polymorphism. Significant differences in pairwise F_ST were detected among all lakes (range from 0.05 to 0.28, all P < 0.02). In one lake (Lower Tazimina Lake), we found evidence for two genetic groups of char and for significant differences in the distribution of microsatellite variability among at least two of the three previously described body size morphotypes (‘large’‐, ‘medium’‐, and ‘small’‐bodied char; maximum F_ST = 0.09; differences in admixture proportions). We also found a significant association between genetic admixture proportions and gill raker counts among body size morphs (r = ?0.73, P < 0.001). Our data represent the first record of genetically distinct sympatric morphs of Arctic char in Alaska and provide further evidence that differences in morphology associated with feeding (gill rakers) and growth trajectories reflect niche diversification and promote genetic divergence in Holarctic populations of Arctic char.     

基于线粒体RNAs序列分析雁形目家禽的分歧时间

雁形目鸟类具有重要的社会经济意义和科学研究价值，部分种类已被驯化成为重要的家禽，然而雁形目内部物种之间的关系仍存在许多争议。本研究利用线粒体RNAs序列标定雁形目部分鸟类的分歧时间，旨在进一步查明该类群系统进化关系。首先， 采用酚仿法分别从太湖鹅和朗徳鹅血液中提取基因组DNA，PCR 扩增获得线粒体RNAs基因序列。 然后，从GenBank 中提取10 种鸟类线粒体DNA的同源序列，以鸵鸟为外群，采用贝叶斯法结合RNA结构信息重建系统发生关系；最后，以黑雁属与雁属的分歧时间为锚定点，利用r8s软件分析了雁形目物种间的分歧时间。 结果表明，中国鹅与欧洲鹅的分歧时间为0.61百万年，番鸭与家鸭的分歧时间为15.5百万年。依据家鹅祖先分歧时间，联系当时发生的地学事件，作者认为家鹅祖先物种分化与更新世冰川运动有关。研究结果有助于我国水禽遗传资源的保护与利用。     

利用 ｍｔＤＮＡＤ-ｌｏｏｐ序列为遗传标记分析槟榔江水牛的群体遗传特征

槟榔江水牛是近年在云南西部发现的中国第一个本土河流型水牛群体，具有较高种用价值，但其重要遗传背景信息还不清楚。本文采用 ＰＣＲ产物直接测序法对 ８６头槟榔江水牛 ｍｔＤＮＡＤ-Ｌｏｏｐ序列进行了突变检测，并以 ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ上已发表的 ７０条河流型和 １１２条沼泽型水牛 ｍｔＤＮＡＤ Ｌｏｏｐ序列为对照，对所得数据进行群体遗传和系统发育分析。结果在槟榔江水牛中检测到 ３３种单倍型，１１２个多态位点。其中单一变异位点 １４个，简约信息位点 ９８个。槟榔江水牛 ｍｔＤＮＡＤ Ｌｏｏｐ序列 Ｔ，Ｃ，Ａ，Ｇ的平均含量分别为 ２８.４３％，２４.８２％，３１.９６％，１４.７９％，单倍型多样度为 （０.９４８±０.０１２），核苷酸多样度为 （０.０３８１±０.００１６），序列间平均核苷酸差异数为３３.２８８，群体内平均遗传距离为 （０.０４３±０.００５）。系统发育、中介网络图和群体遗传关系分析表明，槟榔江水牛含有两个差异显著的母系世系组分，其中一个为河流型世系，在群体中占 ６１.６３％；另一个为沼泽型世系，在群体中占３８３７％，而其沼泽型世系可进一步分为 Ａ，Ｂ，Ｃ３个支系，其中，Ｃ为在水牛中新发现的支系，其频率极低。结果揭示了槟榔江水牛群体遗传多样性丰富，但该群体存在一定的沼泽型水牛基因渗入。     

A methodology for evaluating a location as a selection site for an international plant breeding program

Summary A method for comparing locations as selection sites based upon their abilities to predict yield and disease reaction over a target region is proposed. The probability of coincidence in selection for a site is defined as the probability for a line selected at the site to be selected at other sites within the region. The probability of divergence in rejection is defined as that associated with regional selection of a line given that is discarded by the site where selection is being conducted. The ideal selection site would maximize the probability of coincidence in selection and minimize the probability of divergence in rejection. The method is illustrated using a set of data from the rice yield nurseries of the International Rice Testing Program for Latin America planted under the rainfed conditions of Central América and México during the period 1978–1984. Five locations were compared for their predictive ability in selecting for the rainfed rice growing region, based on yield and disease reaction. Selection for yield was defined as performance superior to the best check in each location. Selection for disease reaction was based on an index derived from the Standard Evaluation System for Rice for diseases of regional importance. Locations varies 10–15 percent in their selection coincidence with the region for both yield and disease selection criteria applied independently.