Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

岷江源头区乔灌交错带地被物和土壤持水能力

通过野外调查和室内试验,定量评价了岷江源头区交错带云杉针叶林、云杉针叶林—山生柳灌丛交错区(乔灌)和窄叶鲜卑花灌丛3个林型的地被物(枯落物和苔藓)和土壤持水特征。结果表明:3个林型地被物储量差异显著,其大小顺序为乔灌(72.67t/hm~2)针叶林(43.87t/hm~2)灌丛(11.00t/hm~2);针叶林和乔灌的苔藓层的储量分别为27.00,44.71t/hm~2,占地被物总储量的61.5%以上。地被物层最大持水总量表现为乔灌(21.23mm)针叶林(11.33mm)灌丛(2.45mm);针叶林和乔灌枯落物层的最大持水量分别为7.45,12.12mm,均大于苔藓层的最大持水量;针叶林和乔灌枯落物层和苔藓层最大持水量分别是其储量的4.3~4.4,1.4~2.0倍。土壤容重随土层深度增加而增大,持水能力则随土层深度增加而降低;0—20cm最大持水量大小顺序为乔灌(153.70mm)灌丛(132.28mm)针叶林(128.25mm)。综合地被物持水和土壤持水,交错带生态系统的持水能力在不同林型间差异显著,其最大持水量表现为乔灌(174.93mm)针叶林(139.58mm)灌丛(134.73mm),其中,土壤层是生态系统持水能力的主导层,占综合持水量的87.9%以上。研究结果有利于全面认识岷江源头区生态水文效应。     

Hydrodynamic method for estimating production carrying capacity of coastal finfish cage aquaculture in Southeast Asia

This paper presents the development of a simple and generally applicable hydrodynamic method for the estimation of production carrying capacity (PCC) of coastal finfish cage aquaculture. Dimensional analysis was used to find significant and general interdependencies between the hydrodynamics at fish farm locations and particulate wastes deposited on the seafloor by fish farms. Modeled ratios of deposition to emission of particulate wastes underneath fish farms were found to be primarily a function of the flow Reynolds numbers at the farming locations and the non-dimensional settling velocity of emitted wastes. In the non-dimensional model, farming conditions include daily feed rate, proportion of unconsumed feed, and carbon content in feed and fish feces. The relationship can be used to estimate the PCC of floating net cages imposing a threshold value for deposition. Results of in-situ assessments of the benthic impacts of several fish farms in an aquaculture site in the northwest of Bali, Indonesia were used to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Predicted results were able to clearly identify fish farms operating beyond ecologically sustainable carrying capacity. The proposed method has broad applicability and could help make decisions regarding the estimation of production potential of individual farms in pristine areas, for providing first estimates in sites that have scarce data, and for assessment, expansion, and optimization of the currently operating aquaculture sites in Southeast Asia, China and potentially other data-poor island nations. As the method relies on dynamic models, it enables straightforward assessments over the entire aquaculture region.     

面包面团发酵性能研究

面团的发酵性能直接影响面包的品质,本研究考察了酵母、糖和食盐用量对面包面团发酵性能的影响,分析了面团在发酵过程中pH值和体积的变化。通过试验发现,面团的发酵速度与酵母和糖的用量成正比,但是过多的酵母和糖均会降低面团的持气性;加入一定的食盐会抑制面团的发酵,而适量的食盐却能在一定程度上改善面团的持气性。通过酵母、糖、食盐的配比试验发现,当酵母添加量为1.0%、糖添加量为10%、盐添加量为10%时,面包面团具有最佳的发酵效果和持气性。     

黑土肥料长期定位试验冻土分割搬迁后土壤融合效果评价

为了明确黑土长期定位试验土壤搬迁后与新址的融合效果,以一个搬迁土块为研究对象,明确搬迁土块间的接缝处土壤与距接缝处不同距离的中心土壤在理化特性上的不同。结果表明,0~20 cm层次土体中心50 cm处的田间持水量比接缝处高5%,容重低4%,变异系数均明显高于其他层次;20~40 cm层次,土壤的固相率和容重高于其他层次,田间持水量降低,土块横切面各部位物理性质均无明显差别;剖面底部80~100 cm层次接缝处土壤松散缝处的固相率比30 cm和土体中心处低4.3%,液相率低3.1%,气相率高出7.6%,容重下降8.3%。0~40 cm土层的缝处、距缝30 cm和距缝50 cm处的孔隙率均低于40~100 cm层次,其中80~100 cm层次的孔隙率最大,20~40cm孔隙率最低为44.2%;土壤饱和导水率0~20 cm层次为35.3~38.0 cm/d,随着深度的加深呈下降趋势,均小于20cm/d;而80~100 cm层次缝处的饱和导水率值高达144.4 cm/d,是表层土壤的4倍。同一层次搬迁土块缝处与土块中心土壤速效养分无明显差别,缝处全氮含量均高于土块的其他位置,且与距缝30 cm和50 cm处的数值差异均达到显著水平(P0.05);pH随着土层的加深逐渐增大,碱解氮和土壤有机碳含量随着土层的加深而下降。长期定位土壤搬迁5 a后,深层土壤接缝处还处于疏松状态,下层土壤的融合要弱于上层土壤。     

苹果砧木枝条主要输导组织解剖特征与矮化性的关系

【目的】研究苹果砧木枝条主要输导组织解剖特征与矮化性的关系,探讨苹果砧木致矮关键部位。【方法】以不同矮化性的M系苹果砧木植株为试材,以MM106为对照,采用常规石蜡切片法,研究苹果砧木1年生枝各组织尤其是主要输导组织解剖特征与矮化性的关系。【结果】对于苹果砧木1年生枝横截面上不同部位的木质部,导管密度大小顺序均表现为近髓部中部近皮部,导管面积均表现为近皮部与中部差异不显著,但二者显著大于近髓部;M系苹果矮化砧木1年生枝的周皮厚度、皮层厚度、髓部半径、筛管面积均小于或显著小于对照,而导管平均密度、木质部厚度/枝条半径、近皮部导管面积/筛管面积、中部导管面积/筛管面积、近髓部导管面积/筛管面积、导管平均面积/筛管面积均大于或显著大于对照。【结论】对于苹果砧木1年生枝的木质部,从近皮部到近髓部,离髓部越近,导管密度越大、面积越小;M系矮化砧木1年生枝木质部发达,韧皮部生长较弱,M系苹果矮化砧木的致矮关键部位可能是韧皮部。     

饲料中花生四烯酸含量对刺参生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响

为探究饲料中添加花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,ARA)对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响,选用初始体重为(10.78±0.06)g的刺参为研究对象,以鱼粉和发酵豆粕为主要蛋白质源,小麦粉为主要糖源制作基础饲料,通过在基础饲料中添加不同比例的ARA-纯化油,制成ARA含量分别为0.02%(对照组)、0.17%、0.36%、0.51%、0.59%和0.98%(占饲料干重)的6组等氮等脂的实验饲料,在室内循环水养殖系统进行为期56 d的养殖实验。结果表明,随着饲料中ARA含量的升高,刺参增重率(weight gain rate,WGR)呈先上升后降低的趋势,0.36%和0.51%ARA饲料组刺参WGR显著高于其他处理组(P0.05),刺参的特定生长率(specific growth rate,SGR)和饲料效率(feed efficiency,FE)与WGR具有相同的变化趋势;刺参体壁粗脂肪含量随饲料ARA含量升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在0.51%ARA饲料组含量最低,且显著低于对照组与0.98%ARA饲料组(P0.05);同时,随饲料中ARA含量的提高,刺参体壁中ARA和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-6 PUFA)含量呈显著上升趋势,而二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenioc acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3 PUFA)含量显著降低(P0.05);抗氧化能力方面,0.36%和0.51%ARA饲料组刺参肠道中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和总抗氧化能力酶(total antioxidant capacity enzyme,T-AOC)活性均显著高于对照组与0.98%ARA饲料组(P0.05),而肠道丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量呈相反的变化趋势(P0.05);刺参肠道中脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-Co A carboxylase,ACC)活性随饲料ARA含量的升高呈显著降低趋势(P0.05);刺参肠道中肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1,CPT-1)活性随饲料ARA含量升高呈先升高后降低的趋势(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加适量ARA(0.36%~0.51%)能够对刺参生长、抗氧化能力起到一定的促进作用,同时结果显示,饲料ARA含量会对刺参肠道内脂肪酸代谢产生一定的影响。     

玉米叶片表皮蜡质相关性状的全基因组关联分析

为发掘玉米叶片表皮蜡质合成与调控相关基因，以218份由温带、亚热带和热带自交系组成的关联群体为材料，在原阳对其3个生物学重复叶片表皮挂水能力进行调查，利用1.25 M覆盖玉米全基因组的SNPs进行Q、K和Q+K这3种模型下的全基因组关联分析。结果表明，Q模型较K模型和Q+K模型能更好地评价叶片表皮的挂水能力。Q模型下，共检测到88个覆盖玉米9条染色体的显著SNPs（P ≤ 2.04E-6），88个SNPs分布于47个QTLs内，单个QTL可解释13.6%~45.6%的叶片挂水能力表型变异，47个QTL内共有97个候选基因，其中，77个具有功能注释。位于第2染色体上的转录因子NAC77（GRMZM2G018436）和第3条染色体上的亚油酸酯氧合酶（GRMZM2G156861）编码基因，是叶片表皮蜡质性状的重要候选基因。     

添加槐花粉对白三叶青贮发酵品质的影响

采用单因子随机设计，研究添加不同比例的槐(Sophora japonica)花粉对白三叶 (Trifolium repens)青贮发酵品质的影响，以期为槐花应用于青贮饲料生产提供科学依据。分别设置白三叶单独青贮(C)、95%白三叶 + 5%槐花粉青贮(T1)、90%白三叶 + 10%槐花粉青贮(T2)、85%白三叶 + 15%槐花粉青贮(T3)、80%白三叶 + 20%槐花粉青贮(T4)共5个处理。结果表明，白三叶单独青贮品质较差，添加槐花粉提高了青贮原料的干物质、水溶性碳水化合物含量和发酵系数，降低了缓冲能值，使得青贮后的感官评分、乳酸、乳酸 ? 乙酸、干物质、水溶性碳水化合物、粗蛋白质含量显著提高(P ≤ 0.05)，pH、氨氮 ? 总氮、乙酸、丁酸含量显著降低(P ≤ 0.05)。综合考虑，80%白三叶 + 20%槐花粉青贮能获得良好的青贮品质。     

生态景观林10种林分枯落物的水文效应

[目的]对北京市大兴区生态景观林主要造林树种林下枯落物层的持水能力进行定量研究,为森林生态建设和水土保持工作的开展提供理论依据。[方法]以研究区生态景观林中10种不同林分的枯落物层为研究对象,采用室内浸泡法对其水文效应特征进行分析研究。[结果]该区枯落物总蓄积量在2.37~5.33t/hm~2之间,顺序依次为:毛白杨油松千头椿刺槐国槐银杏金叶榆元宝枫旱柳紫叶李;最大持水量为5.56~24.92t/hm~2,最大持水率为208.64%~481.62%,最大拦蓄量为5.37~24.24t/hm~2,有效拦蓄量为4.54~20.51t/hm~2;10种林分不同枯落物层的持水量与浸泡时间呈较显著的对数函数关系,其吸水速率与浸泡时间则存在着较显著的幂函数关系。[结论]综合比较10种林分枯落物的持水性能,认为毛白杨的持水能力较好,能够较好地涵养水源。