提高二倍体马铃薯原始栽培种原生质体分离与分裂频率的研究

为获得较高的原生质体分离和分裂频率,试验以马铃薯二倍体原始栽培种‘47-33’‘5-19’试管苗叶片为材料,进行了原生质体游离和培养的研究.结果表明:培养21d的两品系试管苗叶片均在含有2.0%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.25%离析酶,渗透压为0.35mol/L的酶解液中解离效果最好,原生质体产量分别为2.31×106个/gFW和2.52×106个/gFW;在28℃酶解温度条件下缓慢摇动14h或1h静置+13h缓慢摇动的,可促进叶片原生质体的大量释放.此外,1.0mg/L NAA+0.5mg/L 2,4-D+0.4mg/L BAP外源激素组合有利于叶片原生质体的分裂,‘47-33’‘5-19’原生质体一次分裂频率分别达到8.85%和12.56%.在0.35mol/L渗透压的液体培养基中,‘47-33’叶片原生质体分裂更早,分裂频率达13.85%.研究获得了稳定的原生质体分离体系以及较好的原生质体培养条件,为马铃薯二倍体原始栽培种的体细胞融合奠定了基础.     

Recurrent Temporary Paralysis Reported After Human Rabies Post‐Exposure Prophylaxis

Adverse events can occur after rabies post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and linkage to causality is often difficult to determine. We report a case of recurrent temporary paralysis that began immediately after the initiation of rabies PEP in a man exposed to a bat. The recurrent temporary paralysis first occurred in the patient after his initial dose and then again after day 3 of his rabies PEP. The PEP was terminated prior to a serologic response. The patient continued to experience numerous discrete episodes of temporary paralysis for over two years.     

同源四倍体及其原二倍体黑皮冬瓜光合光响应模型筛选

为了筛选出最适合黑皮冬瓜Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.的光合光响应模型,为其育种提供理论依据,以同源四倍体及其原二倍体黑皮冬瓜为试验材料,对8种经典的光合光响应模型适用性进行了比较分析。结果表明：二次多项式能够表现出光抑制情况,但在拟合过程中出现暗呼吸速率为正值、光补偿点为负值及无法解释当光强达到饱和后光合速率快速下降的问题;直角双曲线、非直角双曲线及指数函数Ⅰ、指数函数Ⅱ无法直接求取光饱和点、光补偿点,结合常用的光饱和点的计算方法得到的光饱和点与实测值均存在较大的偏差,且指数函数Ⅱ在计算光饱和点时表现出明显的人为性,也无法拟合光抑制情况,但4种模型拟合得到的光补偿点均与实测值相差不大;指数修正模型因系数β为负值,无法求取四倍体黑皮冬瓜材料的光饱和点和最大净光合速率,且拟合得到的四倍体黑皮冬瓜的光补偿点明显低于实测值;直角双曲线修正模型计算得到的暗呼吸速率及二倍体黑皮冬瓜的光饱和点明显低于实测值,但获得的四倍体及其二倍体的最大净光合速率与实测值最接近,说明其在拟合最大净光合速率上有优势;整体上分段函数计算得到的黑皮冬瓜的各光合参数与实测值最为接近,与实测值的平均相对误差最小,也能很好的拟合发生光抑制部分的光响应曲线。分段函数拟合同源四倍体及其原二倍体黑皮冬瓜光合光响应曲线效果较其他模型效果好,分段函数模型为黑皮冬瓜最适合的光合光响应模型。     

红鲫(♀)×鲤(♂)杂交鱼的胚胎染色体组倍性研究

红鲫属于鲤科、鲤亚科、鲫属,染色体数目为2n=100,核型为22m+34sm+22st+22t;鲤属于鲤科、鲤亚科、鲤属,染色体数目为2n=100,核型为22m+34sm+22st+22t。已有研究表明,红鲫(♀)×鲤(♂)杂交第一代(F₁)和第二代(F₂)为二倍体,F₂能产生染色体数不减数的配子,在第三代(F₃)中形成四倍体鱼。通对F₁和F₃进行胚胎染色体制片,在染色体水平上探讨红鲫和鲤远缘杂交的多倍体发生途径及F₂产生不减数配子的潜能。结果表明,F₁混合胚胎都为二倍性胚胎,没有发现单倍性和多倍性胚胎,但F₃混合胚胎中则有染色体数为100,150,200甚至300的染色体分裂相,推测F₂生殖细胞发生了一次或多次染色体数加倍,产生了二倍性和更高倍性的配子,它们结合形成了不同倍性的F₃胚胎。实验证明双亲基因组大小及核型相似的鲫鲤远缘杂交第一代不发生多倍化,但获得的二倍体杂交后代能产生不减数配子,在F₃中产生多倍体鱼。     

二倍体和四倍体泥鳅线粒体ND-5/6基因多态性的PCR-RFLP分析

采用PCR-RFLP分析方法,对洞庭湖、武汉两地的二倍体和四倍体泥鳅线粒体DNAND-5/6基因多态性及4个群体遗传变异和遗传关系进行了研究。结果表明,120尾泥鳅mtDNAND-5/6扩增片段长度均为2.2kb;从13种限制性内切核酸酶中筛选出6种多态性内切酶(HaeⅢ、DraⅠ、RsaⅠ、TaqⅠ、HinfⅠ、MspⅠ),对扩增产物进行酶切,共检测到66种单倍型。泥鳅群体内单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.7679～0.9385和0.01041～0.03212;其中,洞庭湖二倍体核苷酸多样性最高(0.03212),武汉二倍体其次(0.02452),二倍体群体内核苷酸多样性高于四倍体。群体间的核苷酸多样性(π)大小为0.02588～0.04144,平均值为(0.031737±0.000005)。群体间的核苷酸歧化距离(δ)大小为0.00462～0.01617,平均值为(0.010659±0.000003);其中,武汉二倍体和四倍体之间的核苷酸歧化距离最大(0.01617),武汉四倍体和洞庭湖二倍体之间的核苷酸歧化距离最小(0.00462)。MonteCarlo模拟x2检验表明,4个群体间的单倍型频率存在极...     

Cryptic improvement for fertility by continuous selfing of diploid potatoes using Sli gene

While a diploid potato was continuously selfed by a function of Sli gene, the level of heterozygosity reduced, and the fertility also reduced (inbreeding depression), which might be improved because continuous selfing could eliminate undesirable recessive alleles. To explore what was occurring as advancing self-generations in terms of fertility, 51 plants of an S₃ diploid potato family were evaluated for fertility-related traits and analyzed by RFLP markers. The level of heterozygosity was positively correlated with any of fertility-related traits (r = 0.108−0.333). At least six loci on six chromosome sections were associated with fertility-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs), of which three performed better in the heterozygotes and three in the homozygotes. By further continued selfing, QTLs performing better in heterozygotes were likely fixed to homozygotes with secondly better performance, and those performing better in homozygotes were fixed to the best genotypes. Thus, the selfed progenies were cryptically being improved for fertility by genetic fixation to the best or better genotypes in fertility-related QTLs.     

Late blight resistance in a diploid full-sib potato family

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is the most destructive disease of potato worldwide. As this pathogen can rapidly overcome major race‐specific resistance genes, identifying the basis for enhanced quantitative resistance has become a crucial element for implementing advanced breeding strategies. A population of 230 full‐sib progeny derived from a cross between two diploid hybrid Solanum phureja × S. stenotomum clones was evaluated for foliage resistance against late blight in replicated trials at multiple locations in Pennsylvania between 1999 and 2002. In field experiments, plants were evaluated visually for per cent defoliation, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was determined. The two parents and three control cultivars (‘Atlantic’, ‘Kennebec’ and ‘Katahdin’) were included in all trials. In all three experiments, the presence of a significant number of clones exhibiting transgressive segregation were observed. There were significant differences among environments as well as among clones, and the clone × environment interaction was also significant. Stability analysis revealed that 37 clones made a significant contribution to the overall environment × clone interaction. Broad‐sense heritability for resistance, measured as AUDPC, was estimated as 0.67. The overall results indicate the presence in this potato family of a high level of field resistance against late blight. This segregating diploid family appears to be a good candidate for quantitative trait loci mapping to identify and characterize the genetic components of partial late blight resistance.     

二倍体和四倍体泥鳅全基因组DNA甲基化的比较

以二倍体和四倍体泥鳅为研究对象,采用甲基化修饰依赖性内切酶测序技术(MethylRAD-Seq)在全基因组水平上分析泥鳅的DNA甲基化特点及倍性间的DNA甲基化变异。测序结果共得到302 111 684条Methyl-RAD序列标签。与参考基因组比对结果显示,泥鳅的甲基化位点主要分布在基因体区(gene body),其次为内含子区(intron)和基因间区(intergenic),而在其他功能元件上的分布较少。四倍体泥鳅的整体甲基化水平比二倍体高,尤其是在第一外显子区(1st Exon)和转录起始位点上游1 500bp至200bp区(TSS1500),且倍性间差异极显著(P0.01)。但在启动子区,四倍体泥鳅的甲基化水平略低于二倍体。在二倍体和四倍体泥鳅间共筛选到1 268个差异甲基化CmCGG位点和14个差异甲基化CmCWGG位点,这些位点主要分布于内含子、基因体和基因间区。比较各基因的甲基化水平,共得到684个倍性间差异甲基化基因。KEGG分析结果显示,倍性间差异甲基化基因主要富集到与生长发育、免疫及错配修复等相关通路上。     

二倍体栽培马铃薯高效遗传转化体系的建立

【背景】马铃薯是最重要的块茎类粮食作物。栽培马铃薯以四倍体为主,但四倍体遗传和薯块繁殖增加了马铃薯改良的难度。因此越来越多的科学家呼吁在二倍体水平进行马铃薯的再驯化,将马铃薯驯化成种子繁殖作物。自然界中存在4个二倍体马铃薯原始栽培种,这些二倍体栽培种中蕴含着丰富的遗传变异,但是它们的遗传转化体系尚未成熟。【目的】建立高效的二倍体栽培马铃薯遗传转化体系,为二倍体马铃薯优良等位基因和分子育种提供工具。【方法】以二倍体栽培种马铃薯(Solanum phureja)CIP 703541为试验材料,利用绿色荧光蛋白基因(green fluorescent protein,GFP)作为报告基因,对遗传转化体系进行摸索,主要包括:预处理培养时间、诱导再生的激素比例、抗生素浓度以及转化效率。另外,利用同样的激素组合对17份不同基因型的二倍体马铃薯原始栽培种进行了测试,比较各个材料在不同激素浓度条件下的再生效率,筛选出再生效率较高的激素组合进行大量遗传转化;对再生苗进行生根筛选、荧光观察和PCR鉴定,统计阳性植株的概率。用流式细胞仪检测阳性植株的倍性,以分析再生植株发生染色体加倍的频率。【结果】预处理培养时间为2 d的外植体浸染效率最高。二倍体材料CIP 703541最适合再生出芽的激素配方为2.0 mg·L~(-1)玉米素(zeatin,ZT)﹕0.01 mg·L~(-1)奈乙酸(naphthaleneacetic acid,NAA)。再生阶段抗生素卡那霉素(kanamycin,Kan)的最适筛选浓度为100 mg·L~(-1),生根阶段的最适筛选浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)。通过对不同基因型进行筛选,获得3份再生能力较强的二倍体马铃薯材料(CIP 703308、CIP 703312和CIP 703541)。它们响应的激素配方各不相同,在添加了100 mg·L~(-1)卡那霉素的再生培养基中,3份材料的再生效率分别为45%、40%和52%。通过大规模遗传转化证明,3份材料的转化率分别为2.8%、4.2%和5.3%。经流式细胞仪检测,所获得的马铃薯阳性植株中四倍体的比例较高,CIP 703308、CIP 703312和CIP 703541的阳性转化植株中二倍体的比例分别为5.26%、10.53%和38.46%。【结论】建立了高效的二倍体马铃薯遗传转化体系,获得了3份再生能力较强的二倍体材料。另外,发现二倍体马铃薯在经过遗传转化之后再生植株中染色体加倍的比例较高。