灌溉畦田规格对张杂谷生长、产量及水分利用的影响

以张杂谷3号为材料,设置不同畦田规格(T1规格为2 m×5 m,T2规格为6 m×5 m)进行灌溉处理,探究不同畦田规格灌溉对张杂谷生理、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,12个处理相同生育期耗水量均差异不显著,T1处理总灌溉水量较T2处理减少33.35%;2T2处理叶片水势、叶绿素、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别比T1处理提高9.0%、2.67%、26.44%、33.0%、40%,但叶片蒸腾效率较T1处理下降4.52%;32个处理生物量差异不显著,T2处理产量虽较T1处理提高4.59%,但未达到显著性水平。与T2处理相比,T1处理WUEBM、WUEY分别提高17.05%、19.67%。综合分析,张杂谷生育期进行地面水灌溉时,宜实施小畦灌溉,一方面有助于提高谷子水分利用效率,另一方面是实现节约灌溉用水的最直接的手段。     

稻茬麦根系构型可视化与三向分型维研究

提出一种根系可视化分析方法用于定量稻茬田环境的小麦根系构型。使用根系构型数字化仪测试稻茬麦苗期根系构型,将所测数据导入Pro/E平台进行根系构型的3-D重构,然后对可视化根系进行3向平面投影,计算小麦根系在不同平面的分形维数与分形丰度。结果表明,该方法可以真实反映出田间稻茬麦根系构型的动态变化状况,而根系分形维数与分形丰度随时间逐步递增,正视图面的分形维数和分形丰度总大于左视图面。从播后第98天开始,俯视图面的根系构型分形维数与分形丰度出现突增。在3个投影面上稻茬麦根系的分形维数与分形丰度都高度相关,二者与根总长也存在一定的相关关系。     

不同母质发育紫色土团粒结构的分形特征研究

运用分形模型对不同紫色母质发育的土壤团聚体特征进行研究,结果表明:土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数与土壤团聚体结构破坏率存在极显著正相关(r=0.961**,n=8),与>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量存在极显著负相关(r=-0.958**,n=8);不同紫色母质发育的土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数存在差异,棕紫泥土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数最高,暗紫泥土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数最低。土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数是评价土壤物理肥力和土壤抗蚀性的一个新指标。     

Developmental Dynamics and Early Growth Vigour in Rice. I. Relationship Between Development Rate (1/Phyllochron) and Growth

Achieving early vigour, that is, rapid dry matter accumulation, is a priority in rice crop improvement, but this trait is complex and not well understood genetically and physiologically. This study tested the hypothesis that the development rate (DR) contributes to early vigour. Two diversity panels were phenotyped during vegetative stage for traits constituting early vigour (shoot dry weight, SDW; relative growth rate, RGR) or contributing to early vigour (tillering, leaf size, DR). The first panel comprised 169 genotypes from all major genetic groups of Oryza sativa and was phenotyped under irrigated upland conditions in the field (Philippines, Exp1). The second panel with 190 genotypes representing the diversity of the tropical japonica group was phenotyped in pots in a greenhouse (Montpellier, France, Exp2). Results from field and pot experiment pointed out that DR, tillering and leaf size were positively correlated with RGR and SDW, although the contribution of leaf size was small. DR was positively correlated with tillering but both were negatively correlated with leaf size. DR vs. RGR correlation was conserved in subsets of genotypes with similar leaf size and tillering, suggesting an effect of DR on RGR independent of the other traits. DR is a promising, still underexploited trait contributing to rice early vigour, requiring further genetic and physiological characterization.     

基于色调分形维数的柑橘糖度和有效酸度检

研究了宫川温州蜜柑糖度及有效酸度的机器视觉检测技术及影响检测精度的因素.对机器视觉系统采集的柑橘图像进行图像裁切、亮度法去图像背景和RGB空间至HSI空间的转换,将柑橘色调范围分割为0°～20°、20°～40°、40°～60°、60°～80°、80°～100°和100°～120°共6个区域,提取各区域色调分形维数,以此作为BP神经网络输入,无损检测宫川温州蜜柑糖度及有效酸度.167个测试样本的检测结果表明:在±1.5°Brix精度范围内糖度正确识别率为66.6175%,在±0.5精度范围内有效酸度正确识别率为73.9275%.宫川温州蜜柑糖度及有效酸度与果皮色调分形维数之间具有相关性,可用机器视觉检测其糖度及有效酸度.     

From fractal analysis along a line to fractals on the plane

Self-similar fractals are useful models for soil solid and pore sets. The scaling properties of these fractals along a line and across an area can be described by the fractal dimensions. One method, for estimating the soil areal fractal dimension from the solid and pore set distributions along the lines, was proposed and tested with real macro- and micromorphological data on three soils of Mexico. The soil areal fractal dimension (D_a) was compared with the soil mass fractal dimension (D_m) estimated by two-dimensional binary image analysis, separately for solids and pores. Both methods are based on the box-counting technique and are suitable for determining the soil ‘box' or ‘capacity' fractal dimension, that seems to be apt to estimate the alternative filling of an area by a fractal set of solids and pores. This paper examines the relations between the fractal dimensions obtained along a line, across an area and directly from the image. Analysis of D_a and D_m data seems to suggest that both soil genesis and management practice can contribute to areal fractal dimension dynamics. It was shown that fractal dimensions are useful parameters able to monitor tillage influence on soil properties and to estimate the degree of soil compaction.     

Innovation of Construction Projects Management Based on the Five-dimension Modeling

Nowadays,the computer technology is applied more and more widely in the architecture,engineering and construction industries(AEC).This paper introduces a methodology of construction project management based on the five-dimension modeling which integrates three-dimension building models,resources and schedules by the development of virtual construction technology.The application of this method also influences several aspects of project management such as range,time,cost,resource,communication and information management.Finally,the process of 5D modeling and the management practice are presented through a real life case in Beijing which proves to be a more efficient,productive and economy project.     

As the world gets smaller, the chances of invasion grow

Summary While the issue of invasive alien species has important biological components, economic factors such as global trade deserve much greater attention for several reasons. First, virtually all of our planet’s ecosystems have a strong and increasing anthropogenic component that is being fed by increasing globalisation of the economy. Second, people are designing the kinds of ecosystems they find productive or congenial, incorporating species from all parts of the world through quicker and more efficient means of transportation. And third, growing travel and trade, coupled with weakening customs and quarantine controls, mean that people are both intentionally and inadvertently introducing alien species that may become invasive. The great increase in the introduction of alien species that people are importing for economic, aesthetic, accidental, or even psychological reasons is leading to more species invading native ecosystems, with disastrous results: they become invasive alien species (IAS) that have significant deleterious effects on both ecosystems and economies. This paper examines some of the important non-biological dimensions of the IAS problem, including historical, economic, cultural, linguistic, health, sociological, management, legal, military, ethical, and political dimensions. These are addressed in terms of the causes, consequences, and responses to the problem of IAS. These dimensions of IAS are fundamental, and successfully addressing the problem will call for greater collaboration between different economic sectors and among a wide range of disciplines. The Convention on Biological Diversity, the negotiations of the World Trade Organisation, and many other international agreements offer important opportunities for addressing the complex global problems of IAS through improved international cooperation.     

白浆土型人参栽培床土的分形维数特征

运用土壤颗粒表面分形维数计算方法，研究了吉林省白浆土型人参栽培床土的分形维数的特点。结果表明白浆土型人参床土颗粒表面的分形维数介于2.890～2.963之间，并随黏度增加有增大的趋势。同时统计分析表明，土粒表面分形维数与土壤的容重、孔隙度及难效水(水吸力>60 kPa)均具有显著相关性(相关系数分别为0.747^*，0.796^*和0.798^*)；与土壤中>0.25 mm团聚体的百分含量呈极显著的相关(相关系数为0.826^**)。分形维数可以作为衡量白浆土型人参床土的物理肥力指标之一。     

冲击作用下粘性土壤破碎体的分形维数与影响因

给出冲击破碎分析的两倍尺度控制约定,研究粘结态土壤破碎体生成的影响因素,建立了土壤破碎体分形维数与落锤质量、冲击行程、土壤含水率、破碎比能之间的关系.结果表明,土壤破碎体的分形维数与落锤质量及冲击行程没有联系,但分形维数与土壤含水率及破碎比能具有明显的相关性.另外,通过比较得知土壤在冲击作用下的破碎体分形维数远远低于植被土样的分形维数.