Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

基于Copula 函数的边坡可靠度高效分析方法

将Copula函数与高效蒙特卡洛方法结合,提出了含相关随机变量的边坡可靠度高效分析方法。以两个岩质边坡稳定性问题为例验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,该方法相比于直接蒙特卡洛方法在保证边坡失效概率的准确性的同时计算效率更高。Copula函数可以构造出具有不同相关结构的岩土体参数的联合概率分布,与高效蒙特卡洛方法(即蒙特卡洛重要抽样方法和子集模拟)结合能高效地处理含多种相关随机变量的边坡可靠度计算问题,相比于现行的Nataf变换方法结果更能体现岩土边坡真实稳定性。此外,该方法也能高效地计算含有复杂的隐式功能函数的边坡可靠度,研究成果拓展了高效蒙特卡洛方法在边坡可靠度分析中的应用。     

不同增稠剂对农药可分散油悬浮剂稳定性的影响

为明确不同增稠剂对以矿物油为分散介质的油悬浮体系稳定性的影响,以12.5%丙炔·吡嘧(丙炔噁草酮·吡嘧磺隆)可分散油悬浮剂为对象,通过流变学和多重光散射方法,研究了有机膨润土、有机高分子和气相二氧化硅3类增稠剂单独使用及有机膨润土和其他两类增稠剂分别搭配使用对可分散油悬浮剂物理稳定性的影响。结果表明:所有样品的流动特性指数(n)均小于1,为假塑性流体,具有触变性。除有机膨润土和高分子增稠剂Atlox Rheostrux100组合使用时体系更符合Casson方程外,其余样品均更符合Herschel-Bulkley方程。单独使用时,有机膨润土对保证体系稳定的效果相对较好;Atlox Rheostrux 100和Atlox Rheostrux200两种高分子增稠剂的效果差别较大,其中Atlox Rheostrux 100效果更好,这可能是由分子结构差异造成;两种气相二氧化硅类增稠剂由于不能有效形成氢键,效果较差。将有机膨润土和有机高分子增稠剂组合使用时,体系的稳定性有所提升,其中有机膨润土869和Atlox Rheostrux 100组合使用效果更好,体系具有较高的黏度,且具有良好的触变性,物理稳定性优异;有机膨润土869和疏水气相二氧化硅R974组合使用时则效果没有明显的提升。研究表明,流变学和多重光散射两种方法均能较好地表征可分散油悬浮剂的物理稳定性;新型高分子增稠剂和有机膨润土具有协同作用,将二者合理组合添加能大幅提升可分散油悬浮剂的稳定性。     

油脂预乳化提高大豆拉丝蛋白素食香肠品质

为了提高大豆拉丝蛋白(Textured Fibril Soy Protein,TFSP)素食香肠的品质,该研究将油脂预乳化工艺应用于TFSP素食香肠的加工,利用响应面试验设计优化了预乳化工艺条件,采用质构分析仪测定分析了产品的质构特性,并进行了感官评价。结果表明优化后的最佳预乳化工艺条件为菜籽油含量445g/L、大豆分离蛋白浓度105g/L、乳化机剪切速率9.0×103r/min。与对照组相比,此条件下制作的预乳化-TFSP素食香肠的凝胶强度、硬度和咀嚼性分别提高了约1倍、10%和26%,且产品口感鲜嫩、富有汁液感,感官评价得分显著提高。采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察分析了不同工艺制作的TFSP素食香肠在煮制前后微观结构的变化,结果发现油脂预乳化工艺可大大提高乳化油脂的稳定性和在香肠凝胶基质中的均匀分布,从而使乳化油脂的‘填充作用’得以发挥,不仅增强了TFSP素食香肠的保水保油能力,降低了蒸煮损失率,而且对香肠的质构和感官特性产生了重要影响。因此油脂预乳化工艺是一种辅助提高素食香肠整体品质行之有效的方法。     

Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave, as a new heat treatment technology, has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed. It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality. Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time. However, the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting conditions are limited. Herein, we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter. Different roasting powers (400 ​W, 800 ​W and 1200 ​W) and times (4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 ​min) were preliminarily tested. Among them, 800 ​W at 5 ​min was the most suitable. The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color, sensory, bioactive compounds, storage stability, and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars (Silihong, Baisha-1016, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414). The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars (Silihong, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414) with moisture content between 5% and 7.2% had a similar sensory score (6–7) as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other. The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L1 values of 51–52, respectively, for high initial moisture peanut cultivars. The total polyphenol (35.20-31.59 ​± ​0.59 ​μmol GAE/g) and tocopherol (19.05 ​± ​0.35 ​mg/100 ​g) content in the butter obtained from three cultivars (Yuahua-9102, Yuhua, and Baisha-1016) and Silihong respectively, were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) higher than those in the commercial butter. The induction times of all pre-treated butter (19.80 ​± ​0.99–7.84 ​± ​0.07 ​h) were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples. In addition, no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples. Collectively, the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one. These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.     

不同施肥措施及复垦年限下土壤团聚体的大小分布及其稳定性

土壤团聚体的数量和质量直接影响着土壤性质和有机碳固存。研究长期不同施肥措施及复垦年限对采煤塌陷区土壤团聚体的重量分布比例及其稳定性的影响,为该区域的农业生产和土壤质量提升提供科学依据。采集复垦6年和11年定位试验不同施肥处理耕层土样,选取不施肥(CK)、平衡施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机肥配施(MNPK)4个处理,利用干筛法和湿筛法获得4种粒径的团聚体/粉黏粒组分(> 2 mm、0.25-2 mm、0.053-0.25 mm和< 0.053 mm),用> 0.25 mm团聚体含量(R_0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)表示团聚体的稳定性,并测定了土壤有机碳含量。结果表明：复垦年限对土壤团聚体的含量及稳定性影响产生了显著影响。干筛条件下,复垦6年和11年均显著降低了各处理0.053-0.25 mm团聚体和< 0.053 mm组分的含量,降幅分别为68.39%-87.37%、69.63%-78.32%(6年)和90.01%-93.68%、78.29%-83.93%(11年)；湿筛条件下,复垦11年显著提高了各处理> 2 mm团聚体的含量,增幅达473.35%-645.16%,但是显著降低了0.053-0.25 mm团聚体的含量,降幅为43.67%-57.54%。土壤团聚体的稳定性也随着复垦年限的增加而逐渐增强,表现为DR_0.25、WR_0.25和MWD值呈增加趋势,而PAD和E_LT值呈降低趋势。土壤有机碳含量与DR_0.25、WR_0.25、MWD_水稳性呈极显著正相关关系,而它与PAD和E_LT呈极显著负相关关系。本研究表明,该区域连续复垦11年提高了土壤大团聚体的含量而伴随着微团聚体含量的显著减少,导致土壤结构越来越稳定。它对提高采煤塌陷区复垦土壤肥力、改善土壤结构效果最佳。     

Silicon-mediated genotoxic alterations in Brassica juncea under arsenic stress: A comparative study of biochemical and molecular markers

Arsenic (As), one of the most harmful toxicant at the global level, severely affects plant metabolism when taken up. Interestingly, the presence of silicon (Si) as a fertilizer in As-contaminated soil is an effective strategy to decrease As accumulation in plants. Brassica juncea (var. Varuna) were grown hydroponically to investigate the role of Si at biochemical and molecular levels under arsenite (As³⁺) stress. Seedlings of B. juncea were exposed to As³⁺, Si, and a combination of both elements. Our data demonstrated that seedlings exposed to As³⁺ showed an inhibition in shoot length, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and protein, while co-application of Si improved these growth parameters. Silicon supplementation reduced As accumulation in shoot. Increase/decrease was observed in stress-related parameters (cysteine and proline), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase), and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and H₂O₂), which were improved upon co-application of Si as compared to As³⁺ alone treatment. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a suitable biomarker assay for plants for assessing the genotoxicity. Seven RAPD primers produced a total of 39 and 48 bands in the leaves of the untreated and treated seedlings, respectively. The RAPD band-profiles and genomic template stability were consistent with other growth and physiological parameters. In conclusion, the genotoxic alterations along with the biochemical parameters indicate that the exposure to Si mitigates As³⁺-induced oxidative stress by improving the stress-related parameters and antioxidant system in B. juncea.     

高油酸花生品种开农1760产量及其构成的可视化分析

分析高油酸小粒花生品种开农1760的产量及其与农艺性状的关系,为高产优质育种提供有效指导。本研究以开农1760参加的2014-2015年河南省小粒花生区试数据为基础,运用GGE (genotype+genotype-by-environment interaction)双标图评价其丰产性和稳产性,利用R语言进行可视化的相关分析和通径分析。结果显示,开农1760的丰产稳产性综合排名第一,出米率的变异系数最小,饱果率与产量呈极显著正相关,百果重、单株生产力、百仁重、主茎高、侧枝长和结果枝数与产量呈显著正相关,结果枝数的直接通径系数最大,是影响开农1760荚果产量的关键性状。综上所述,开农1760丰产性好、稳定性强,适合在河南省大面积推广利用;在选育小粒花生新品种时可侧重做好对结果枝数的选择。     

复合菌剂及酸化剂对玉米秸秆青贮有氧暴露后的影响

为探讨复合菌剂和酸化剂对玉米秸秆青贮有氧稳定性及有氧暴露期间微生物数量、pH值、粗蛋白、干物质量的影响,以玉米秸秆为青贮原料,设置3个处理:对照组、复合菌剂组、复合菌剂+酸化剂组。青贮90 d。有氧暴露1、3、7、11 d分别取样测定微生物数量、pH值、粗蛋白、干物质量。结果显示,与对照组相比,复合菌剂组、复合菌剂+酸化剂组均能提高青贮品质,显著减少有氧暴露期间粗蛋白、干物质损失(P<0.05)。与复合菌剂组相比,复合菌剂+酸化剂组有效抑制酵母菌繁殖,显著提升青贮有氧稳定性(P<0.05)。     

秸秆还田对麦玉系统土壤有机碳稳定性的影响

为揭示不同秸秆还田量对华北小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤有机碳官能团结构及稳定性的影响,研究了秸秆还田5 a后土壤有机碳官能团结构、团聚体组成及有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量、土壤铁离子的变化。田间实验设置4个处理:秸秆不还田作为对照(CK)、秸秆1/3还田(S1)、秸秆2/3还田(S2)、秸秆全部还田(S3)。采用常规方法测定土壤理化性质、粒径、铁离子及土壤微生物量碳含量,13C核磁共振波谱技术(NMR)检测分析土壤有机碳官能团结构。结果表明:秸秆还田5 a后,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、2mm与2.00～0.25 mm团聚体有机碳、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化态碳(EOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量,均随还田量增加而逐渐增加,且不同处理增加量不同,与CK相比,S3处理显著增加了这些有机碳的含量(P0.05)。各处理土壤有机碳以烷基碳与烷氧基碳为主,其次是芳香碳与羰基碳,秸秆还田增加了烷氧基碳、羰基碳(易分解碳组分)含量,降低了烷基碳和芳香碳(难分解碳组分)含量,与CK相比,S3处理显著增加烷氧基碳含量(P0.05)而显著降低了芳香碳含量(P0.05)。与CK相比,S2、S3处理也显著降低了有机碳的芳香度、疏水碳/亲水碳、烷基碳/烷氧基碳比值(P0.05),而对脂族碳/芳香碳影响不明显。与CK相比,S3处理显著增加了2.00 mm团聚体组分,增加了2.00～0.25 mm组分,而降低了0.25～0.053 mm组分和显著降低了0.053 mm组分(P0.05)。秸秆还田对土壤游离铁、活性铁、螯合铁含量的影响不明显。有机碳官能团组成与土壤因子间的冗余分析表明土壤TOC、MBC含量、团聚体组分、铁离子的改变是导致不同处理间有机碳官能团结构存在差异的重要原因。综上所述,由于短期秸秆还田增加了活性有机碳含量、易分解有机碳组分,减少了难分解有机碳组分,降低了微团聚体物理保护作用,改变了微生物活性和铁离子络合作用,在一定程度上降低了土壤有机碳稳定性,可能导致麦玉复种系统土壤碳排放水平的增加。