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1.
为探究中国生猪养殖产生污染物的减排潜力,基于随机前沿生产函数模型,利用2004—2016年生猪养殖的省级宏观数据,测算了不同规模生猪养殖的环境效率,并从时间和空间2个维度计算了生猪养殖产生污染物的潜在削减量,最后进一步探究了生猪养殖环境效率的提升路径。结果表明:1)小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖的环境效率均值依次为0.924、0.953、0.926,随着养殖规模增大环境效率呈现出"倒U型"趋势,而且随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖的环境效率均出现了不同程度的上升趋势;2)在时间维度上,小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖1头猪1年产生的污染物还可以平均减少5.89、2.42和4.13 kg,但随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量均在不断减少;3)在空间维度上,小规模生猪养殖东部地区污染物的潜在削减量要高于中西部地区;中规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在各区域中相对均衡;而大规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在不同地区呈现出两级分化趋势;4)本研究选取的生产要素投入量、饲养天数以及环境治理费用等对生猪养殖环境效率均有显著影响。最后,基于研究结论,提出相关的措施建议以提升生猪养殖环境效率。  相似文献   
2.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(6):1402-1414
Using a logistic model, this paper empirically investigated farmers' perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China. The results show: i) There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes. Specifically, 57.4% of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly, but only 29.7% of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly; ii) The factors influencing the farmers' perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature, the former are mostly agriculture related, while latter are mostly non-agriculture related, except for farm size; and iii) Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons, because less than 30% of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of farmers' perceptions of climate change, the government is recommended to: i) enhance education and training programs; ii) speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size; iii) develop farmer cooperative organizations; iv) invest more in agricultural infrastructure, specifically in major grain producing regions; and v) improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income.  相似文献   
3.
We identified the major non-timber forest products (NTFPs), their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles (the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia) were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs (forest coffee, honey and spices) accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area (+), total land holding (+), pos-session of livestock (+) and access to extension (+) significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head (-), land holding (+) and distance of the market from the residence (-) significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding (+), distance to market (-) and distance of the forest from the residence (-) were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.  相似文献   
4.
新疆多源喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌耐药基因检测及分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
【目的】了解新疆不同动物源喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌携带质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药因子(plasmid mediated quinolone resistance,PMQR)的流行现状,及其与主要的β-内酰胺酶基因和 16S rRNA 甲基化酶基因的共存情况。【方法】通过 PCR 方法对猪源(79 株)、牛源(8株)和羊源(96株)喹诺酮类(环丙沙星,诺氟沙星和恩诺沙星)耐药大肠杆菌进行 PMQR(qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, qepA, oqxA, oqxB, aac(6’)-Ib-cr)、β-内酰胺酶基因(blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaKPC, blaCMY-2, blaLAP-1)及16S rRNA(armA, rmtB)等基因检测,对目的条带进行DNA测序,确定阳性菌株,对检出携带 β-内酰胺酶基因和16S rRNA 甲基化酶基因的大肠杆菌进行β-内酰胺类及氨基糖苷类药敏试验,分析其携带的基因型与耐药表型之间的关系。结果猪源大肠杆菌中检出的PMQR因子为qnrS(5/79,6.33%),oqxA(35/79,44.30%),oqxB(40/79,50.60%)和aac(6’)-Ib-cr(4/79,5.06%),检出的β-内酰胺酶基因为blaTEM(79/79,100%),检出的16S rRNA 基因为rmtB(3/79,3.80%);牛源大肠杆菌中检出的PMQR因子为qnrS(1/8,12.50%),oqxA(1/8,12.50%),oqxB(1/8,12.50%)和aac(6’)-Ib-cr(1/8,12.50%)和qepA(1/8,12.50%),检出的β-内酰胺酶基因为blaTEM(8/8,100%)和blaSHV(1/8,12.50%);羊源大肠杆菌中检出的PMQR因子为qnrS(6/96,6.25%),oqxA(32/96,33.3%),oqxB(37/96,38.5%)和aac(6’)-Ib-cr(22/96,22.91%),检出的β-内酰胺酶基因为blaTEM(96/96,100%)和blaCTX-M(2/96,2.08%),检出的16S rRNA 基因为rmtB(2/96,2.08%);未检出qnrA,qnrB,qnrC,qnrD,blaKPC,blaCMY-2和blaLAP-1被检基因。不同动物源大肠杆菌中存在基因共存现象,携带β-内酰胺酶基因和16S rRNA 甲基化酶基因的喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌对β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类药物耐药呈一定的相关性。结论不同动物源喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌中存在PMQR因子,可与主要的 β-内酰胺酶和/或16S rRNA 甲基化酶基因共存。此外,首次在羊源大肠杆菌中检出PMQR 因子、β-内酰胺酶及16S rRNA甲基化酶基因。  相似文献   
5.
基于我国二位数产业数据,采用熵值法测算中国的总体产业多样化,并进一步分解为相关和无关多样化,考察我国产业多样化的演变趋势和形成机制,并实证研究其影响因素。结果表明,总体上我国地区产业相关、无关多样化分别呈现倒U和正U型演变趋势,2004年后波动幅度减少,趋于平稳变化;技术进步和交易成本下降均有效促进相关多样化,而阻碍无关多样化发展,竞争和工资水平分别抑制和促进产业多样化。  相似文献   
6.
 粗木质残体(CWD)是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统结构组成和功能发挥中扮演重要角色。在收集整理文献资料数据的基础上对长白山、小兴安岭、秦岭、武夷山、鼎湖山、哀牢山等地不同森林生态系统粗木质残体储量的研究结果进行了初步统计和分析。初步结果认为:中国南、北方森林生态系统的粗木质残体储量存在差异,北方的粗木质残体储量是针叶林>针阔混交林;南方的粗木质残体储量是阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林。海拔、林分结构、年平均降水量、自然灾害、人为干扰均是影响粗木质残体储量的因子,枯立木和倒木是中国原始林粗木质残体储量的主要贡献者。研究结果可为中国森林生态系统粗木质残体的进一步深入研究及相应的合理保护和利用提供依据。图2表2参47  相似文献   
7.
基于浙江省森林资源清查固定样地信息数据和森林监测中心2010年6-9月采集的森林凋落物碳密度数据,探讨浙江省森林凋落物碳密度空间分布的影响因素。研究表明:浙江省森林凋落物碳密度空间分布在全省大尺度范围和不同地级市的县域小尺度范围都存在差异。浙江省森林凋落物碳密度随着海拔的升高而增大,但局部地势较低地区森林凋落物碳密度很高;生物量覆盖度和地上腐殖质层厚度两者与森林凋落物碳密度无相关关系,而土壤有机碳密度和凋落物氮密度两者与凋落物碳密度具有极显著的正相关关系;优势树种对于凋落物量积累有很大影响,栎类为主的落叶乔木凋落物碳密度较高,经济林则最低。  相似文献   
8.
常州市农村能源消费影响因素实证分析   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
张青  王效华 《农业工程学报》2011,27(14):154-157
农村地区能源消费是能源和环境的可持续发展的重要组成部分,它受许多因素的影响。该文运用2000-2009年的统计数据,通过相关分析、主成分分析和灰色关联分析法对影响常州市农村能源消费的各个因素进行重要性评价,得出了人均纯收入是最主要的影响因素,并由此提出了提高当地农村能源消费水平,改善农村能源消费结构,引导农户合理利用能源的政策建议。  相似文献   
9.
Facultative paedomorphosis, a process in which newt larvae can opt for reproduction before or after metamorphosis, is geographically heterogeneous. Despite numerous ecological studies and recent evidence of declines in paedomorphic populations, however, no attempt to model environmental variables that explain the presence of paedomorphs has been made at a multi-scale level. Our aim was to fill this gap in studying three newt species (Lissotriton vulgaris, Mesotriton alpestris, and Triturus macedonicus) of the Montenegrin karst as model species. To this end, we used multivariate analysis on three scales of habitat: the breeding pond, the land use and the climatologic features. Results show that the study area is both an important hotspot for paedomorphosis and where intraspecific diversity is quickly disappearing (20-47% extirpation) because of fish introductions. Other habitat variables (water permanency, pH or the habitat origin) were shown to act on paedomorphosis but not consistently across species, confirming complexity of the evolutionary and ecological processes. This study appeals for more long-term and detailed landscape studies of polyphenisms, a neglected but promising topic, to better understand and protect alternative modes of development. Particularly, measures should be taken to identify hotspots of intraspecific diversity at a global scale and stop fish introductions before we reach a point of no-return.  相似文献   
10.
Summary Denitrification (using the acetylene block method) was determined in earthworm casts and soils from permanent, drained or undrained pasture plots fertilized with 0 or 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 as ammonium nitrate. Rates of N2O production from soil cores were about three times higher from the fertilized than from the unfertilized plots while drainage had a relatively small effect. Denitrification rates from casts were 3–5 times higher than those from soil irrespective of the drainage treatment. Casts generally had higher NO inf3 sup- , NH inf4 sup+ , and moisture contents, and higher microbial respiration rates than soil. Rates of N2O production were determined primarily by NO inf3 sup- supply, secondarily by moisture; available C did not appear to limit denitrification in these pastures. Estimates of the potential contribution of casts to denitrification ranges from 10.1% of 29.3 kg ha-1 year-1 from the unfertilized, drained plot to 22% of 82.5 kg ha-1 year-1 from the fertilized undrained plot.  相似文献   
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