木质素在异丙醇中的降解研究

采用正交试验法对有机溶剂木质素在异丙醇中的降解进行了研究,得出木质素在异丙醇中降解的较优水平为:催化剂Ru/C用量0.20 g、温度280℃、压力2.5 MPa、时间8 h。在该条件下,降解产物中生物油的产率最高可达74.13%,生物油中酚类和醇、酮以及烃类的GC含量总和接近60%。木质素原料和生物油的元素分析说明解聚过程中发生了脱氧;傅里叶红外光谱分析表明木质素的解聚过程中有酚羟基、烷基等新的结构基团产生。     

Preparation of Chito-Oligomers by Hydrolysis of Chitosan in the Presence of Zeolite as Adsorbent

An increasing interest has recently been shown to use chitin/chitosan oligomers (chito-oligomers) in medicine and food fields because they are not only water-soluble, nontoxic, and biocompatible materials, but they also exhibit numerous biological properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities, as well as immuno-enhancing effects on animals. Conventional depolymerization methods of chitosan to chito-oligomers are either chemical by acid-hydrolysis under harsh conditions or by enzymatic degradation. In this work, hydrolysis of chitosan to chito-oligomers has been achieved by applying adsorption-separation technique using diluted HCl in the presence of different types of zeolite as adsorbents. The chito-oligomers were retrieved from adsorbents and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS), and ninhydrin test.     

电化学催化木质素解聚的研究进展

综述了近年来木质素解聚的电化学技术的研究进展,包括木质素解聚的微观电化学表达、催化剂类型以及电化学反应器的电极材料、电极作用原理等;分析了电化学技术协同离子液体催化体系、生物酶催化体系以及与光催化技术耦合后对木质素解聚的前沿研究;总结了电极材料、电流密度等条件对电化学催化效率的影响,并展望了电化学技术实现应用所面临的挑...     

离子液体在木质素研究中的应用

详细综述了离子液体溶解、提取木质素的研究,分析了离子液体溶解木质素的机理,讨论了不同因素对木质素提取率的影响,介绍了木质素在离子液体中不同的降解方法,并对离子液体在木质素研究中的应用进行了总结和展望。     

固定化木瓜蛋白酶水解甲壳胺的研究

木瓜蛋白酶经戊二醛固定于自制的甲壳质上制成固定化木瓜蛋白酶，其水解甲壳胺的最佳条件是：45℃，pH4.0的1％的甲壳胺溶液（醋酸缓冲液配置），酶／底物比1：3．5（质量比）。震荡反应24h后，用超滤器分离不同分子量的甲壳胺低聚糖产物，结果产物中分子量小于10000的甲壳胺低聚糖得率约为45．55％，分子量小于5000的约为34．0％，优于游离木瓜蛋白酶水解甲壳胺的效果。此固定化酶可反复使用至少10次以上，总反应时间达192h，提高了酶的使用效率和酶解效果。     

Determination of gross rates of amino acid production and immobilization in decomposing leaf litter by a novel N isotope pool dilution technique

Although the rates of gross protein depolymerization are central in litter decomposition, they cannot be measured directly by any existing method. Here we report the development of a novel assay to quantify gross protein depolymerization (i.e. gross amino acid production) based on a ¹⁵N isotope pool dilution technique. The assay is based on the concurrent labeling of the pool of 18 proteinogenic amino acids, which are present in a free form in litter, and the measurement of ¹⁵N:¹⁴N ratios in the individual amino acids by GC-MS over time. The method proved to be highly linear, precise and sufficiently sensitive. We tested the applicability of the novel method on a litter decomposition experiment, in which we could demonstrate that gross protein depolymerization exceeded gross N mineralization by >8 fold indicating that only a small fraction of amino acids released by extracellular enzymes was actually mineralized to ammonium. Moreover, the results provide evidence that protein depolymerization was limited by protein availability or accessibility, not by the size of protease pool.     

Antiviral Activity of Carrageenans and Processing Implications

Carrageenan and carrageenan oligosaccharides are red seaweed sulfated carbohydrates with well-known antiviral properties, mainly through the blocking of the viral attachment stage. They also exhibit other interesting biological properties and can be used to prepare different drug delivery systems for controlled administration. The most active forms are λ-, ι-, and κ-carrageenans, the degree and sulfation position being determined in their properties. They can be obtained from sustainable worldwide available resources and the influence of manufacturing on composition, structure, and antiviral properties should be considered. This review presents a survey of the antiviral properties of carrageenan in relation to the processing conditions, particularly those assisted by intensification technologies during the extraction stage, and discusses the possibility of further chemical modifications.     

木质素光降解机理研究进展

从木质素模型及原本木质素2个方面综述木质素光降解的研究现状。木质素模型研究表明，光降解是典型的自由基反应，主要通过游离酚途径、羰游基途径和苯甲酰甲基芳醚途径反应，苯氧自由基是光化学反应的重要中间产物。木质素光降解是个氧化过程，伴随着碳的氧化态升高、非共轭羰基减少、共轭羰基增加，大分子木质素发生解聚，最终形成对醌、邻醌等发色基团及苯甲酸、苯甲醛等可溶性小分子酚类化合物，木质素含量明显降低。木质素光化学反应的机理研究中，木质素模型和原本木质素存在一定差距，分子和细胞水平上的深入研究将是未来的发展方向。     

在Ru/C和甲酸(甲酸盐)体系中碱木质素水热解聚特性研究

在Ru/C和甲酸(甲酸盐)的共同作用下,275~350℃的亚临界水中,进行碱木质素的水热解聚反应。通过GC-MS定性分析和GC-FID定量分析,探究了供氢试剂及用量、反应温度、木质素分子级分对木质素水热解聚的影响。结果表明:在甲酸和Ru/C条件下,木质素解聚液相产物得率最高,组成较简单,具有较好催化降解效果;在甲酸添加量为0.8 mol/L,反应30 min时,木质素解聚液相产物最多,其中含量最高的单酚类物质为4-甲基愈创木酚,在主要单酚类物质中占32.77%,木质素水热解聚液相产物得率随温度升高而先增后减,并在325℃时取得峰值;L1、L2和L3是碱木质素的3个不同的分子级分,L1级分对木质素解聚液相产物得率贡献最大,达61.80%,且产物中单酚类物质总得率最高,为112.71 mg/g。其中,愈创木酚与4-甲基愈创木酚所占比例最高,可分别为35.38和35.52 mg/g;对木质素进行分级分离处理后再进行水热转化反应,有利于液相产物和单酚类物质得率的进一步提高。     

碱催化水解提高硫酸盐木素反应活性

为了提高硫酸盐木素的反应活性,采用碱催化的方法对木素进行水解。通过改变时间、温度、NaOH用量,探讨不同反应条件对木素中酚羟基含量的影响。采用紫外差示光谱法、凝胶色谱法和红外光谱法,测定碱催化水解前后木素酚羟基含量、分子量及结构变化情况,探讨碱催化水解在提高木素反应活性的有效性。结果表明,7.5%NaOH、反应温度170℃、反应时间6 h是木素碱催化水解相对更佳的反应条件。在碱催化水解过程中,由于木素芳基醚键以及木素单元结构间醚键联接发生断裂,木素结构中的游离酚羟基含量增加,且伴随着木素大分子降解,分子量及其分散性显著减小。