Highly specific assays to detect isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum directly from plant material

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is responsible for bacterial canker of kiwifruit. Biovar 3 of Psa (Psa3) has been causing widespread damage to yellow‐ and green‐fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) cultivars in all the major kiwifruit‐producing countries in the world. In some areas, including New Zealand, P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum (Pfm), another bacterial pathogen of kiwifruit, was initially classified as a low virulence biovar of Psa. Ability to rapidly distinguish between these pathovars is vital to the management of bacterial canker. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) data were used to develop PCR assays to specifically detect Psa3 and Pfm from field‐collected material without the need to culture bacteria. Genomic data from 36 strains of Psa, Pfm or related isolates enabled identification of areas of genomic variation suitable for primer design. The developed assays were tested on 147 non‐target bacterial species including strains likely to be found in kiwifruit orchards. A number of assays did not proceed because although they were able to discriminate between the different Psa biovars and Pfm, they also produced amplicons from other unrelated bacteria. This could have resulted in false positives from environmental samples, and demonstrates the care that is required when applying assays devised for pure cultures to field‐collected samples. The strategy described here for developing assays for distinguishing strains of closely related pathogens could be applied to other diseases with characteristics similar to Psa.     

四个猕猴桃品种在南京地区引种栽培表现

猕猴桃果实风味独特，富含维生素C，享有“水果之王”的美称，近年来发展迅速。江苏省气候适合猕猴桃的生长，栽培面积逐年增加，本文对四个猕猴桃优良品种‘青皮红香’、‘早鲜’、‘翠香’和‘晚红’在南京地区的引种栽培表现进行了观测。四个猕猴桃品种果实各具特点，且与其他地区的表现有所差异，‘青皮红香’果皮无毛，红肉，但在南京果肉为绿色，其他果皮品质也不佳；‘早鲜’成熟早，在南京8月中旬即可成熟，耐贮藏，果实重量达到91.03 g，且维生素C含量较高，为82.13 mg/100g，但口味偏酸；‘翠香’果皮易剥落，果肉翠绿，可溶性糖含量（9.56%）和糖酸比（8.25）较高，口味佳；‘晚红’果肉绿，果心周围具红色，可溶性固形物含量高达19.11，但果实较小，为62.92 g。     

猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病研究进展

笔者总结了近年来国内外学者对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的研究和发现，详细介绍了猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的症状、危害和传播途径以及致病菌Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae的特征、分类和起源，分析了其可能的致病机理并总结了猕猴桃的抗病性研究。基于目前对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的防治方法和相关研究发现，展望了猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的研究方向和防治措施，提出采取预防致病菌传入、增强树势和药剂防治相结合的防治措施，为以后的研究和生产实践提供了理论依据。     

镉胁迫下猕猴桃对镉的吸收及转运

在对湖南省猕猴桃成年果园8个猕猴桃品种(金魁、金艳、翠玉、东红、红阳、丰悦、魁蜜、米良一号)镉含量调查分析的基础上，选取镉富集能力有差异的米良一号与金艳猕猴桃进行镉胁迫(5、10、15、20 mg/kg)下对镉的吸收、转运的差异研究。结果表明：成年果园8个猕猴桃品种在土壤中度镉污染(0.9 mg/kg)时，果实镉含量均未超过国家标准值(0.05 mg/kg)；猕猴桃果实成熟期镉含量最高；镉胁迫下，米良一号和金艳镉含量随镉处理浓度增大而上升，且在镉浓度较低情况下富集能力较强；根的镉分配系数最大(＞0.90)，果实的最小，说明猕猴桃主要由根部吸收累积镉；米良一号整株吸收和积累镉量显著高于金艳，但金艳对镉的转移能力强于米良一号，金艳果实镉含量高于米良一号。     

1-MCP处理对“东红”猕猴桃货架期品质的影响

以"东红"猕猴桃为试材,通过采后用不同浓度(0、0.25、0.50、0.75μL·L^-1)1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)进行处理后,将果实至于(20.0±0.5)℃层析冷柜中对其进行货架期贮藏,研究"东红"猕猴桃果实品质的变化,以期为延长猕猴桃货架期品质提供参考依据。结果表明:0.75μL·L^-11-MCP能够有效地抑制"东红"猕猴桃果实硬度、b*值、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的下降;0.75μL·L^-1及0.50μL·L^-11-MCP均能够显著降低"东红"猕猴桃果实呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性;0.25、0.50、0.75μL·L^-11-MCP能够更好地推迟"东红"猕猴桃果实可溶性固形物含量的上升,而不同浓度1-MCP处理间对"东红"猕猴桃果实可滴定酸含量的作用效果无显著差异。综合比较,0.75μL·L^-11-MCP能够更好地保持"东红"猕猴桃的货架期品质,其次为0.50μL·L^-11-MCP。综合考虑"东红"猕猴桃货架期品质变化及成本,建议"东红"猕猴桃的1-MCP使用浓度为0.50~0.75μL·L^-1。     

Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Nutritionally Enriched Jam Made from Blends of Indian Blackberry and Other Fruits

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a tropical, underutilized fruit which is highly perishable in nature. It is a good source of vitamin C, tannins, gallic acid and anthocyanins and its beneficial effects are mostly due to the presence of bioactive compounds (pigments and phenolic compounds) in it. Due to astringent and fibrous nature, preparation of jam from jamun pulp is quite difficult, but other fruits (apple and kiwifruit) can be incorporated in it to improve its quality. This study aims to develop jam from blends of jamun with other fruits and analyse various physico-chemical, nutritional, textural and sensory properties. It was found that physico-chemical properties of jams were not found to vary greatly, but the jamun–kiwifruit jam was found to have fairly high amount of antioxidants(46.75 ± 0.67%), tartaric acid (26.24 ± 0.02 mg/100g sample), ascorbic acid (0.08 ± 0.01 mg/100 g sample) and lactic acid (23.95 ± 0.01 mg/100g sample) and lowest amount of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (0.38 ± 0.04 mg/100 g sample). Jamun jam and jamun–kiwifruit jam possessed the texture required for jam while jamun–apple jam was found to be a relatively harder gel. Jam made with jamun and kiwifruit pulp was found to have highest acceptability on the basis of sensory evaluation.     

肉桂提取物处理对‘红阳’猕猴桃果实耐贮性的影响

为了探讨肉桂提取物对猕猴桃耐贮性的影响,以促进其产业健康、可持续的发展,以湖南湘西‘红阳’猕猴桃为试材,果实经肉桂提取物、Vc及其混合物处理后在15℃的冷库进行贮藏。结果表明,在果实贮藏70 d时,混合物处理组的果实好果率相对于CK组提高了51.22%、失水率减少了4.04%,糖度和可溶性固形物分别增加31.16%和11.18%,Vc提高了52.53%;同时处理组相对于CK组淀粉酶和果胶酶(PG)的活性得到了抑制,从而抑制了淀粉及果胶等大分子的分解;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性得到了加强,从而加快了果实体内氧自由基、羟自由基等小分子的清除;同样经处理后果实呼吸作用以及乙烯释放量均有所降低,且上述均具有极显著性差异(P0.01)。总体上,在3个阳性处理组和1个阴性CK对照中,混合物组对果实耐贮性的效果最好,肉桂提取物作为一种新型植物源保鲜剂为猕猴桃果实长期高效、绿色、环保贮藏提供了方向并且具有一定实际意义。     

基于卷积神经网络的田间多簇猕猴桃图像识别方法

为实现田间条件下快速、准确地识别多簇猕猴桃果实,该文根据猕猴桃的棚架式栽培模式,采用竖直向上获取果实图像的拍摄方式,提出一种基于Le Net卷积神经网络的深度学习模型进行多簇猕猴桃果实图像的识别方法。该文构建的卷积神经网络通过批量归一化方法,以Re LU为激活函数,Max-pooling为下采样方法,并采用Softmax回归分类器,对卷积神经网络结构进行优化。通过对100幅田间多簇猕猴桃图像的识别,试验结果表明:该识别方法对遮挡果实、重叠果实、相邻果实和独立果实的识别率分别为78.97%、83.11%、91.01%和94.78%。通过与5种现有算法进行对比试验,该文算法相对相同环境下的识别方法提高了5.73个百分点,且识别速度达到了0.27 s/个,识别速度较其他算法速度最快。证明了该文算法对田间猕猴桃图像具有较高的识别率和实时性,表明卷积神经网络在田间果实识别方面具有良好的应用前景。     

低温贮藏对猕猴桃果实成熟软化相关基因表达影响

为探究低温对果实采后成熟软化与淀粉降解的影响,以红阳猕猴桃果实为试验材料,研究在低温贮藏期间,猕猴桃果实硬度,可溶性固形物、乙烯、淀粉含量以及淀粉酶相关基因的变化。结果表明,低温贮藏能显著抑制猕猴桃果实采后成熟软化,延缓果实淀粉的降解和可溶性固形物含量的增加,维持贮藏期间果实较高的硬度。低温贮藏抑制乙烯合成关键基因AcACO1和AcACS1的表达,抑制乙烯合成。同时,低温贮藏显著抑制淀粉降解相关基因AcAMY1、AcBAM1/3、AcISA3、AcLDA1和AcDPE1的表达。在低温贮藏后期,淀粉酶相关基因AcAMY1、AcBAM1/3、AcLDA1和AcDPE1的表达与乙烯释放速率有关。综上,低温贮藏延缓猕猴桃采后成熟软化进程与淀粉降解密切相关,可能主要通过抑制乙烯合成,从而影响贮藏后期淀粉降解速率,最终延缓果实软化进程。本研究结果为猕猴桃采后低温贮藏提供了理论依据。     

四川地区猕猴桃病毒1的RT-PCR检测及外壳蛋白基因序列分析

为了明确近期新西兰报道的侵染猕猴桃的新病毒——猕猴桃病毒1（Actinidia virus 1，AcV-1）在四川地区猕猴桃上的发生情况及其分子特性，采用RT-PCR对来自四川6个地区疑似感染病毒的90份猕猴桃主栽品种‘红阳’和‘金果’的叶片样品进行检测。结果表明，22份样品为AcV-1阳性，检出率为24.4%。将获得的5个AcV-1分离物和已报道的新西兰分离物K75的外壳蛋白（coat protein，CP）基因序列进行比对，结果表明，分离物间核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列的相似性分别为84.8% ~ 97.1%和89.7% ~ 99.6%，其中除邛崃分离物HYH5与新西兰分离物K75的核苷酸序列相似性较高（97.1%）外，其余4个分离物均低于91%。系统进化分析结果显示，这些分离物主要聚集在3个分支上，分离物HYH5与新西兰分离物K75位于同一分支，其余分离物位于另外2个分支。