湖北省杉木人工林立地类型划分及评价

以湖北省杉木人工林为研究对象,选择166块具有代表性的杉木人工林标准地,并测定样地的常规立地因子。利用数量化理论Ⅰ的方法建立了杉木优势高与立地因子之间的关系模型,对研究区杉木人工林进行立地类型划分及立地质量评价。结果表明,所选择的5个立地因子与优势高数量化拟合的复相关系数为0.639;海拔、腐殖层厚度和坡位这3个立地因子对优势高的贡献率达84.99%,且影响均达到极显著水平;采用海拔、腐殖层厚度和坡位3个因子构建研究区杉木人工林立地类型,共划分为22类;按照优、良、中、差4个评价等级对166块样地所属的立地类型进行立地质量评价,得出湖北省杉木人工林在中海拔、土壤湿润、土壤养分含量较高的立地条件下生产力较高,研究区立地质量整体处于中等偏上水平的结论。     

采伐干扰下次生林灌木层主要树种的生态位动态

为探讨采伐干扰下的灌木层主要树种的生态适应性,用Levins、Schoener和Pianka等生态位测度公式定量分析闽北天然次生林采伐后灌木层主要树种生态位动态。结果表明:样地中黄绒润楠和刺毛杜鹃的生态位最大,属优势树种;甜槠、石栎和映山红为衰退树种,在林分生产作业中需加以保护。采伐干扰促进了灌木层主要树种的生态位释放,各树种的生态位宽度在伐后10~15 a达到峰值,随后下降,伐后20 a接近于未采伐林的生态位;各树种弱度和中度择伐的生态位宽度值约占其生态位宽度总值的50%。生态位重叠值在伐后10 a最大,随后下降,到伐后20 a趋于稳定状态。因此灌木层主要树种生态位的最优期为伐后10~15 a,最佳采伐干扰强度为弱度和中度择伐。     

纵横刀组协同式马铃薯种薯切块装置设计与试验

针对马铃薯种薯切块机械化程度低的问题,设计了一种纵横刀组协同式马铃薯种薯切块装置,对其关键部件进行设计,通过对马铃薯种薯切割过程的力学分析、运动学分析和能量学分析,建立了切种能量的数学模型,确定了影响马铃薯切种效果的主要因素。以切种效率、切种合格率为评价指标,以圆盘刀半径、输送辊与圆盘刀垂直中心距、圆盘刀轴转速和夹持辊轴转速为试验因素,进行了四因素四水平正交试验。对正交试验结果进行方差和极差分析,结果表明:当圆盘刀半径为180 mm、输送辊与圆盘刀垂直中心距为190 mm、圆盘刀轴转速为115 r/min、夹持辊轴转速为56 r/min时,切种效率为74.5 kg/min,切种合格率为98.8%,满足马铃薯切种作业要求。     

割茎对党参产量和含量的影响

在生长期对潞党参地上部分进行割茎，保留地上部分高度20cm，于秋季10月20日至11月30日采挖，观察各处理对产量和含量的影响。结果表明：9月25日对党参地上部分割除，地上部分距离地面保留20cm，10月20日-11月20日采挖，党参产量、根长、根粗、根重较对照都有所提高，其中10月20日产量较对照增加率最高，产量提高5.71%；10月20日根长增加最多为19.68%，10月30日根径增加25.67%，根重增加14.00%，浸出物提升2.80%。     

利用马尾松解析木对林地立地指数和立地形的研究

利用重庆市南川区马尾松解析木数据，选择合适的导向曲线方程，建立基于导向曲线的立地指数和立地形模型，并对立地形的适用性进行说明。根据散点图和三倍标准差对解析木数据进行了选择，排除了不符合要求的圆盘记录对。采用5种常用的经验生长方程对年龄-树高、胸径-树高进行拟合，根据决定系数R²,均方根误差RMES、 AIC、方程的参数变动系数以及拟合曲线对方程进行选择；根据选定的方程，求出其连续生长量方程和平均生长量方程，并采用matlab绘制出其曲线方程，根据连续生长量和平均生长量次相交后的下一个龄（径）阶，选择出基准年龄（胸径）；利用标准差调整法进行编表，编表后采用成对T检验方法对立地指数表和立地形表进行验证。结果表明，立地指数和立地形的表达精度在95%水平下显著，平均总相对误差和相对总误差都<5%，而预估精度分别达到了99.18%和99.22%，说明所编立地指数表和立地形表精度较高，能够满足编表需要。根据导向曲线绘制生长量曲线方程的方法确定基准年龄和基准胸径的方法准确可行；由于龄阶和径阶的选择差异，导致立地指数级不同，同时影响了立地形与立地指数的编表质量；由于树木的生长特性，立地形在表示立地质量时，在林木的早期将会低于立地指数，在树木生长的中后期将会高于立地指数；立地形的适用性取决于胸径与树高的相关性，相关性越强，立地形就越准确，在选择合适的优势木的情况下，立地形可以取代立地指数来表示林地质量。     

土壤生态环境损害鉴定评估中基线确定方法讨论

随着近年来我国经济的高速发展,各地生态环境污染和破坏形势日益严重,特别是涉及土壤环境的污染和破坏事件日益增加,需要对发生土壤污染的场地进行损害鉴定评估工作。根据生态环境部《生态环境损害鉴定评估技术指南总纲和关键环节第1部分:总纲》(GB/T39791.1-2020)等技术规范,规定了4种基线确定方法:即历史数据法、对照数据法、标准基准和专项研究等方法。通过相关案例,主要分析了土壤生态环境损害鉴定评估工作中对照数据法中基线值确定方法,为后续开展相关土壤环境损害鉴定评估工作提供一定的参考。     

Effects of commercial thinning,log position in the stem,and cutting width on the surface quality of cants produced by a chipper-canter

Fifteen stems of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) of 3 commercial thinned plots (control, moderate, and intensive thinning) and 15 stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P), both coming from the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region – Canada, were cross-cut into three 2.4?m length sections: bottom, middle, and top logs. Logs were processed with a chipper-canter at three cutting widths (12.7, 19.1, and 25.4?mm), producing chips and a three-faced cant. The middle section of the cant was used to evaluate surface quality across the grain on each face. Roughness and waviness parameters and depth of torn grain were recorded. Knot characteristics were assessed in the three cant faces. Poorer surface quality was found in the lower part compared to the upper part of the cant for both species. At larger cutting widths, jack pine logs coming from a natural stand showed lower surface quality compared to logs from thinned stands. Black spruce waviness increased with the cutting width and stem height. These results were attributed to the increase of forces and vibration when cutting at larger cutting widths, which was worsened by the presence of bigger, more numerous knots at the control plot and in the top logs. Black spruce had deeper torn grain compared to jack pine. Their differences in knot characteristics resulted in a maximum torn grain depth favored by the presence of more knots rather than by bigger knot size. Other knot characteristics, such as the position of the knots in the cant face, the insertion angle of the branch and the distribution of the knots around the log, should be studied to better understand the relationship between torn grain formation and knottiness.     

Divergent effects of defoliation intensity and frequency on tiller growth and production dynamics of Pascopyrum smithii and Hesperostipa comata

Rotational stocking theoretically enables regrazing of regrowth, but regrowth may be limited in xerophytic vegetation. We tested the hypothesis that regrowth would be slow and fixed in Hesperostipa comata (a caespitose, drought‐tolerant grass), while growth would be flexible in Pascopyrum smithii (a rhizomatous, less drought‐tolerant grass) under increasing defoliation and moisture, by assessing tiller growth rates, population dynamics and plant yield on marked plants in a Dry Mixed Grass prairie. Plots were clipped in late summer to simulate a deferred control, or intermittently during the growing season (May–August) at high intensity–low frequency (HILF), low intensity–high frequency (LIHF) or high intensity–high frequency and crossed with two water treatments (ambient and addition) in both a xeric upland and a mesic lowland. Growing season defoliation increased tiller growth rates of P. smithii in the upland, whereas HILF and LIHF reduced growth in the lowland. All defoliation regimes increased tiller growth for H. comata. Tiller populations of H. comata increased with frequent defoliation, while tiller populations of P. smithii decreased regardless of defoliation regime. Frequent defoliation, regardless of intensity, reduced yield relative to the deferred control for both grasses. While water addition consistently increased growth rates and reduced differences in tiller number among defoliation treatments, the regrowth of both grasses remained similar under varied defoliation with ambient moisture. High moisture conditions also promoted regrowth more in P. smithii compared to H. comata. In summary, neither grass species displayed an inherently fixed or flexible tiller or plant yield response in response to defoliation or moisture.     

向日葵茎秆切割阻力影响因素试验研究

针对向日葵收获机械在使用现有往复式切割器收割向日葵茎秆时存在适用性差及切割质量差等问题,在微机控制电子万能试验机上模拟直刃切刀配合的切割方式,对向日葵茎秆进行切割试验,研究刃口倾角、削切角度及斜切角度等参数改变对切割阻力和切割能量消耗的影响程度以及不同条件下向日葵茎秆的切割阻力变化规律。结果表明:1)切割速度一定,切刀刃口倾角为0°~20°时,切割阻力峰值及切割能量消耗随着刃口倾角的增大逐渐减小,滑切效果逐渐增强,当刃口倾角在20°时的切割能量消耗较其他角度小。2)切割速度一定,削切角为0°~45°时,切割阻力峰值与切割能量消耗先逐渐减小而后急剧上升,削切角为15°时,切刀对向日葵茎秆的切割阻力和切割能耗较小。3)切割速度一定,斜切角度为0°~60°时,切割阻力峰值和切割能耗先逐渐减小而后迅速增大,斜切角为30°时,其切割阻力和切割能耗最小。     

割前摘脱收获机立式离心分离复脱清选装置优化

针对水稻割前摘脱脱出物草谷比低和处理量大的特点,为提高谷物脱出物的处理能力,设计了一种可循环喂入的立式离心分离复脱清选装置并对其进行了响应面优化试验。以喂入速度和螺旋输送器转速为影响因素,以分离率、复脱率和破碎率为试验指标,通过二次正交旋转中心组合试验得到了其性能指标和工作参数的响应曲面模型。利用Design-Expert软件分析各参数对性能指标的交互作用可知,输送器转速对分离率、复脱率和破碎率的影响较大,而喂入速度则较小。通过多目标优化,得到最佳工作参数:输送器转速541.4 r/min、喂入量1.226 kg/s;在该参数组合下的期望结果:分离率为90.4%、复脱率为66.1%、破碎率为0.77%;在该参数组合下的验证性试验结果:分离率为89.4%、复脱率为65.2%、破碎率为0.83%。结果表明立式离心分离复脱清选装置处理效率高,谷物损伤小,能够适应对割前摘脱脱出物的处理要求。