基于PLC的蟹笼渔船诱饵填盒与塞笼自动化流水线方案设计

蟹笼渔船诱捕饵料在使用过程需要经过破冰分离、切块、填盒、塞笼等工序,效率低、劳动强度大。为提升蟹笼渔船的生产效率,需要实现饵料使用自动化。提出了一种实现饵料使用自动化的流水线生产方案,并通过Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire 5.0进行流水线的结构设计建模与原理分析,采用GX works3基于三菱FX5U系列PLC完成了流水线PLC控制梯形图程序设计,并在软件上进行在线模拟测试。结果显示:该流水线的结构设计理论上能满足蟹笼渔船饵料使用的自动化需求,控制系统的设计符合流水线的动作顺序控制,端口运行正常,未发生错误提示。该流水线生产方案的提出为蟹笼渔船诱捕饵料实现自动化提供了条件,同时也打破了蟹笼饵料的传统塞入方式,即由内部塞入改为外部挤入。控制系统的设计为蟹笼渔船诱捕饵料自动切块填盒与塞笼流水线的实际生产使用打下了理论基础。     

Characterization of Aquimarina hainanensis isolated from diseased mud crab Scylla serrata larvae in a hatchery

Mass mortality due to necrosis signs occurred in hatchery-reared zoea stage larvae of the mud crab Scylla serrata in Okinawa, Japan, and a causative bacterium was isolated. In this study, we identified and characterized the bacterium by genome analysis, biochemical properties and pathogenicity. The bacterium was a Gram-negative, non-motile, long rod, forming yellow colonies on a marine agar plate. It grew at 20–33°C (not at 37°C) and degraded chitin and gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the bacterium as Aquimarina hainanensis. Genome sequence data obtained from Illumina MiSeq generated 29 contigs with 3.56 Mbp in total length and a G + C content of 32.5%. The predicted 16 chitinase genes, as putative virulence factors, had certain homologies with those of genus Aquimarina. Experimental infection with the bacterium conducted on larvae of four crustacean species, brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, freshwater shrimp Caridina multidentata, swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus and mud crab S. serrata, revealed that this bacterium was highly virulent to these species. The present study suggests that the bacterium caused mass mortality in mud crab seed production was A. hainanensis and can be widely pathogenic to crustaceans.     

Use of reflex indicators for measuring vitality and mortality of the snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in captivity

The snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) is one of the most important commercial crabs in the world; it is heavily exploited in Atlantic Canada, Alaska, the Sea of Japan and the Barents Sea. Catches in the Barents Sea north of Norway have increased dramatically in the last decade. Most of the world's catch is processed, frozen and exported overseas. However, recently there has been considerable interest in exporting live snow crab, particularly in Norway. The stress of capture and live transport can result in significant mortalities. In order to establish a live export industry for snow crab, the welfare of the animal must be monitored throughout all the steps of the live transport process. In this study the reactions of snow crabs exposed to increasing periods of air exposure were measured in terms of reflex indicators, incidence of mortality, blood lactate levels and blood protein and haemocyanin. Although this is not a specific live holding or live transport process the aim was to test the suitability of reflex indicators to reflect vitality (stress) and not just to predict mortality. This would be compared with traditional blood biochemistry techniques for measuring crustacean stress. The study demonstrated that the reflex index score (RIS) is suitable to assess the vitality of snow crab. Longer air exposure periods render higher mortality rates and less vital individuals. The authors believe using vitality reflex indicators would be a suitable way of measuring crab welfare during the live holding and transport process.     

鱼蟹稻田飞虫捕食装置风光互补供能系统的研究

针对鱼蟹稻田飞虫捕食装置的离网型户外供能需求的问题，着重研究该装置的供能系统方案。基于户外供能合理性要求，采用小型风力发电机和太阳能电池板自主互补发电来进行能源供应；对小型风力发电机和太阳能电池板分别进行Matlab/Simulink建模，着重对叶轮的风能利用系数、叶尖速比和桨距角的相关性进行量化分析，利用单因素分析法对太阳能电池板进行分析；在桨距角确定的条件下，适当取值叶尖速比，能够获得最大风能利用系数。同时，在不同温度和辐射的条件下，太阳能电池板能够取得功率曲线的峰值，为风光互补的最大功率获取提供理论上的支持。针对离网型风光互补系统能源的合理化利用，提出混合供能的能量管理策略，符合该装置的供能需求，对户外同类型装置供能设计提供一定的参考。     

Mechanical Separation of Green Crab (Carcinus maenas) Meat and Consumer Acceptability of a Value-Added Food Product

Mechanical separation of green crab resulted in an average mince yield of 49.2%, with average moisture, ash, protein, and lipid contents of 81.0, 5.1, 10.4, and 1.4%, respectively. Mince from small crabs (< 55-mm carapace width) had significantly lower lipid contents and L* values than mince from large crabs (> 55 mm). The overall acceptability of green crab mince empanadas (fried, stuffed pastries) was rated between “like slightly” and “like moderately” by a consumer panel (n = 87), regardless of empanada formulation (30, 50, or 70% mince by filling weight). Additionally, 63% of respondents indicated they would “probably” or “definitely” buy the empanadas if available locally.     

中华绒螯蟹一龄性早熟和二龄成熟家系子一代成蟹阶段生长发育育性能的比较研究

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)存在一龄性早熟和二龄正常成熟两种现象,为了解其后代养殖性能是否存在差异,本研究利用构建的一龄早熟家系和二龄正常成熟家系,评估了其子一代在成蟹养殖阶段的生长、存活率、产量、生殖蜕壳和性腺发育,结果显示:(1)正常家系的子一代在8月和10月的平均体重(70.45±18.62)g,(95.87±34.44)g高于早熟家系的平均体重(58.93±16.33)g,(95.56±25.26)g,甲壳长和甲壳宽在7、8和10月份,正常家系显著高于早熟家系,4-10月二龄正常成熟家系的特定增重率(SGR,(1.48±0.45)%/d)低于一龄早熟((1.65±0.12))%/d;(2)一龄性早熟家系完成生殖蜕壳的时间早于二龄正常家系,一龄性早熟家系在8月份的生殖蜕壳率为85%,高于正常家系(75%),但两者的性腺指数和肝胰腺指数均无显著差异;(3)就最终养殖效果而言,尽管正常成熟家系子代的存活率和平均产量比早熟家系分别高出14%和17%,但两种家系间无显著差异。结果表明,河蟹二龄成熟家系子代在成蟹阶段的生长性能优于一龄早熟家系子代。     

阳澄湖养蟹网围内外轮虫群落结构的变化及分析

2008年6月至2009年5月对阳澄湖养蟹网围及湖区3组对照点中轮虫群落结构及部分水质特征参数进行调查,分析了轮虫群落结构与环境变量的关系,利用多种参数对其水质进行评价。经鉴定,共采集到轮虫83种,隶属于12科30属。研究表明,网围内3个采样点的年平均生物密度及生物量低于湖区3个采样点,生物密度与水温呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。不同月份受不同环境变量的影响,除4月份外,环境变量对生物密度的影响在采样点之间无差异。相似度分析表明,网围内及相邻湖区的轮虫优势种相似性高。水质分析表明,6个采样点均为富营养化、β-α中污染水体,东湖网围C₁和中湖网围A₁2采样点程度稍轻,但6个采样点之间无显著性差异,这与用卡尔森营养状态指数得出的结果相似。     

河蟹青虾混养池塘循环水净化效能的初步分析

在河蟹青虾混养池塘构建封闭式循环水养殖系统,并对其净化效果和养殖效益进行了初步研究。结果表明：该系统对水体TN、TP、NH4＋-N和CODMn的平均净化效率分别为27.33%、56.14%、43.91%和39.59%。经湿地净化后的水质能够达到GB3838-2002地表水Ⅲ类排放标准,平均纯收益达53769元/hm2。     

Environmental correlates of two macro-decapods distribution in Central Italy: Multi-dimensional ecological knowledge as a tool for conservation of endangered species

Using a multi-dimensional ecological design, this study aimed first to analyse whether local environmental conditions can account for the spatial segregation of two Italian native decapods, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus and the river crab Potamon fluviatile, in Central Italy freshwater ecosystems. Second, we aimed to analyse which environmental variables were more closely associated with the presence/absence of the two decapods in specific sites within their distribution area. Following a factorial design, a total of 32 sites were selected in two neighbouring geographic areas, one occupied by crayfish and one by crabs. Within each distribution area, eight streams where the decapod was present and eight where it was not present were selected. At each site, macro-invertebrate community composition and 16 abiotic variables were recorded and analysed with multi-variate methods. Variations in physical (minimum and maximum temperatures), chemical (calcium, oxygen, nitrate and nitrite) and geomorphological (substrate composition) parameters explained spatial segregation of P. fluviatile and A. italicus in the study area. The occurrence of crayfish reflected variations of chemistry (such as pH, calcium, nitrate and nitrite concentrations), temperature, water depth and substrate composition. On the contrary, the presence of the river crab, within its occurrence zone, was not associated to any biotic and abiotic parameters and was probably affected by anthropogenic pressure and uncontrolled harvesting. These findings provide fundamental ecological data for the maintenance of the two decapod natural populations as well as for the selection of areas and streams adequate for their reintroduction.     

Habitat fragmentation in marine landscapes: relative effects of habitat cover and configuration on juvenile crab survival in California and North Carolina seagrass beds

Processes that dictate faunal abundance (e.g. predation) may be linked primarily to the configuration of habitat (e.g. patch size, patch isolation, proximity to edge) or simply to the amount of habitat (i.e. habitat cover) in marine and terrestrial systems. I asked whether juvenile crab survival in marine seagrass habitats is linked to habitat cover or to habitat configuration, and whether relationships between crab survival and habitat features were similar in two widely separated seagrass landscapes (Bodega Harbor, California and Back Sound, North Carolina, USA). I also evaluated the independent effects of seagrass structural complexity (shoot density and shoot biomass per unit area) and habitat fragmentation on crab survival. Juvenile red rock crabs (Cancer productus: 1+year class) were tethered in Bodega Harbor and juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus: 0+year class) were tethered in Back Sound. Seagrass cover in both landscapes ranged from <10 to 100% over 10×10 m areas. Crab survival was correlated with elements of landscape structure and structural complexity in both landscapes, but relationships between crab survival and specific habitat features differed between the two landscapes. In California, juvenile red rock crab survival was negatively correlated with seagrass cover and was positively correlated with seagrass shoot density, and was marginally (P=0.06) negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. In North Carolina, juvenile blue crab survival was positively correlated with log₁₀ patch area and was negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. The results indicate that (1) both seagrass cover and configuration may influence crab survival; (2) seagrass structural complexity influences crab survival independently of landscape structure; (3) the relative influence of cover, configuration and structural complexity on survival likely differ among seagrass landscapes; and (4) increasing structural complexity (e.g. shoot biomass) may not always lead to increased faunal survival. The results correspond to those of recent studies in marine and terrestrial landscapes showing widely variable faunal responses to landscape structure among species, geographic location and through time, and imply that seagrass restoration and conservation strategies should incorporate species-specific responses to habitat structure at multiple scales.