Advances on Response and Resistance to Heavy Metal Stress in Cotton

In China, the risk of cotton production on arable land contaminated with heavy metals has increased in recent years. Compared with other major crops, cotton shows stronger and widespread resistance to abiotic stresses such as heavy metals. As the main product of cotton is non-edible fibers, and cotton possesses a set of sophisticated stress-resistance strategies, cotton is an ideal crop for use in phytoremediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals. We present a global review of recent literature on the toxic effects of five heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, and mercury) at present in China and their effects on cotton, as well as summarize recent studies on the mechanisms of avoidance and avoidance both. We aim to provide insights into understanding the mechanisms of resistance to heavy metal stress in cottonunderstanding the relationship between cotton and heavy metal stress.     

Nutrient release pattern of organic and inorganic resources used in cassava production (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The major constraint in the promotion of organic farming, a safe and sustainable alternative, is lack of availability of quality organic resources in sufficient quantities. The quality of resources can be ascertained by monitoring its nutrient release pattern, which has not yet been attempted. A controlled condition pot experiment was conducted at ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India, in completely randomized design to study the nutrient dynamics of various organic and inorganic resources, commonly used in cassava production, at monthly intervals up to six months. The release of almost all nutrients and activity of soil enzymes were higher at the middle (3 or 4?months) of the incubation period. The pH showed an increasing trend and electrical conductivity, organic C and Fe content declined from initial. Averaging over stages, organic practice favored the activity of soil enzymes and release of almost all nutrients over conventional system significantly, except N.     

Effects of density and structure on production in the communal forests of the Mexican Sierra Madre Occidental

The Sierra Madre Occidental in the Mexican State of Durango, is home to about 5 million ha of species-rich forest ecosystems. Local communities depend on these forests for their livelihood. The preservation of the species richness and productivity of this unique resource requires improved understanding of the effects of forest structure and density on production. The community structure was analysed for three species groups (all species; 12 species of Pinus; and 16 species of Quercus). Based on data gathered in 580 remeasured observational field plots, the main results of this study were as follows: (1) two distinct clusters were identified in each species group, (a) the dominant species with a smaller range of growth rates, and (b) the remaining species which have a smaller maximum size and a greater variation of growth rates. (2) Density (expressed as basal area per hectare) and the percentage contribution to the total basal area of all pine species have a significant effect on forest production (expressed as volume increment per hectare per year). (3) Potential production is surprisingly high (in excess of 20 m³ ha^?1 y^?1 for some stands) in these forests, but the high potential cannot be realised in many areas because of reduced basal areas caused by overharvesting. (4) The available evidence does not confirm the findings of a recent study that suggests a continuous increase in production with increasing richness. Our observations show that production attains a potential maximum at intermediate levels of richness (between 7 and 9 species per 0.25 ha) and declines with further increases in species richness. This study represents a comprehensive analysis of the effects of density and structure on the community forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental based on a large set of permanent field plots where all trees have been mapped.     

芝麻发芽期耐盐性鉴定方法研究及耐盐候选基因的挖掘

【目的】确定芝麻发芽期耐盐性鉴定适宜的Na Cl胁迫浓度和评价指标,发掘耐盐种质和耐盐相关重要基因,为芝麻耐盐性大规模鉴定、遗传改良和耐盐机理研究提供方法借鉴和优异基因资源。【方法】以8份耐盐性差异较大的芝麻种质为材料,在不同浓度的Na Cl(0、50、100、150、200和250 mmol·L-1)胁迫下发芽,测定其发芽势、成苗率、根长、芽长和鲜重等指标,通过对指标值的方差分析、主成分分析、隶属函数和相关性分析等,筛选芝麻发芽期耐盐性鉴定适宜的Na Cl处理浓度和评价指标。以100 mmol·L-1 Na Cl溶液为处理浓度,相对成苗率为鉴定指标对71份芝麻核心种质进行发芽期耐盐性鉴定和全基因组关联分析,并对获得的候选基因进行功能注释;通过Na Cl胁迫下芝麻幼苗叶片转录组测序和荧光定量PCR分析候选基因的表达模式,筛选耐盐相关候选基因。【结果】对不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下8份芝麻材料发芽各指标进行统计和方差分析表明,100 mmol·L-1的Na Cl处理下,除发芽势外,发芽指数、活力指数、成苗率、根长、芽长和苗鲜重的标准偏差值均较大,所有指标在0.05水平上均存在显著差异,100 mmol·L-1的Na Cl溶液可以作为芝麻发芽期耐盐性鉴定的适宜胁迫浓度;相对成苗率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数、相对芽长、相对根长和相对鲜重7个指标与芝麻发芽期耐盐性关系密切,贡献率较高,可以作为芝麻发芽期耐盐性鉴定的评价指标。71份芝麻核心种质材料的相对成苗率变异比较丰富,符合正态分布;通过对71份芝麻核心种质相对成苗率与SNP标记进行全基因组关联分析,检测到7个与芝麻发芽期耐盐性显著关联的SNP标记(LG5:688003、LG7:9582027、LG10:5274091、LG10:10788493、LG11:11924186、LG14:2128695和LG16:3930301),SNP标记上、下游各100 kb区间内共有基因67个,其中有功能注释的基因34个;通过耐盐材料S04在盐胁迫下的转录组测序和荧光定量PCR对预测的候选基因进行表达模式分析,共有21个候选基因受到盐胁迫诱导显著差异表达。【结论】芝麻发芽期耐盐性鉴定的适宜Na Cl胁迫浓度为100 mmol·L-1,相对成苗率等7个指标可以作为适宜的评价指标;检测到与芝麻发芽期耐盐性显著关联的SNP标记7个,并鉴定出耐盐候选基因21个。     

重庆市不同规模灌区农灌水有效利用系数测算与对比研究

通过对重庆市不同规模灌区农田灌溉用水有效利用系数计算结果的比较研究,对出现的中型灌区农田灌溉用水有效利用系数大于小型灌区的结果进行合理性分析,并为重庆市农田灌溉用水有效利用系数的进一步提高,提出相关建议,为政府相关部门的科学决策提供参考.综合考虑重庆的地形、气候、土壤等因素.根据选定灌区的实测数据,采用首尾测算法计算2017年重庆市不同规模灌溉农田灌溉水的有效利用系数,采用单因素和主成分分析法,分析影响农田灌溉水有效灌溉系数的主要因素. 1)通过测算, 2017年重庆市中型灌区农田灌溉水有效利用系数为0.499,小型灌区为0.487,推算全市为0.495; 2)在影响农田灌溉水有效利用系数的主要因素中,当地的节水工程和管理状况所占的比例大于自然因素; 3)中型灌区在节水工程的投资、管理和维护等方面均优于小型灌区; 4)自然因素中,降水量对农田灌溉水有效利用系数具有一定的负面影响.     

基于微波反射法的谷物含水率在线检测装置研制

针对稻麦联合收割机在收获作业时难以对小麦、水稻等谷物的含水率进行准确在线测量的问题,该文基于微波反射法研究了谷物含水率在线检测方法,建立了稻麦含水率检测模型,研发了一种稻麦联合收割机谷物含水率在线检测装置。该装置采用微波测量模块对稻麦含水率进行非接触式测量,设计了电压转换电路将微波参数转换成电压信号,采用滑动平均滤波算法进行信号滤波,最后通过标定试验所建立的含水率检测模型进行稻麦含水率计算,计算结果经CAN总线通讯在显示器上实时显示。基于上述理论研究、技术开发和结构设计对所研制的谷物含水率在线检测装置分别进行了室内静态试验和田间收割试验研究,试验结果表明:检测装置的对稻麦含水率的测量范围为14%～34%,在室内静态试验和田间收割试验中的性能标准差分别为0.458 3%和1.078 0%,相对误差分别在2.5%和5%左右,具有良好的准确性与实用性。     

油菜种子含油量GWAS分析及位点整合系统构建

含油量是油菜最重要的性状之一,目前已有较多的油菜种子含油量定位研究,然而各研究系统相对独立,群体与标记的差别使得难以比较不同研究结果。本研究连续4年种植了一个含308份材料的油菜自然群体,结合60K SNP芯片数据对种子含油量进行了全基因组关联分析(GWAS),并将所鉴定的显著位点与早前2个自然群体及10个分离群体鉴定到的位点进行全基因组比较与整合。结果显示,通过GWAS共检测到8个与种子含油量显著关联的位点,单个位点解释的表型变异度为3.22%~5.13%;结合其他12个群体的定位结果,共获得193个油菜含油量整合位点,分布于油菜的所有19条染色体,A亚基因组平均每条染色体有13个位点,显著高于C亚基因组(7个)。对不同群体鉴定结果的比较发现,7个整合区间能在至少3个群体中被检测到,均位于A亚基因组染色体(A01、A02、A03、A06、A08、A09和A10)上,其中有3个与C亚基因组上的区间存在同源性,在这3个区间中共鉴定到26个已知的油脂代谢相关基因。本研究将193个位点锚定到法国公布的甘蓝型油菜参考基因组,构建了一个可视的油菜种子含油量位点全基因组整合系统,可为油菜种子含油量重要位点的确定提供帮助,并为制定提高油菜种子含油量的育种方案提供参考。     

Genetic mapping using 1.4M SNP array refined loci for fatty acid composition traits in Chinese Erhualian and Bamaxiang pigs

Chinese indigenous pigs display marked genetic and phenotypic differences compared with western commercial pigs. In this study, we tested the association between 660K SNPs and longissimus muscle fatty acid composition traits in Chinese Erhualian (n = 331) and Bamaxiang (n = 315) pigs based on a customized 1.4 million SNP array. We identified a total of 64 significant associations for 20 fatty acid composition traits at the p‐value threshold of 1 × 10^?6 among which 42 associations in low linkage disequilibrium (r² < .2) with previously reported loci were considered novel. We substantially improved the strength and precision of the associations at four previously detected loci near FADS2, ELOVL7, ELOVL6 and FASN genes, facilitating follow‐up candidate gene studies. Moreover, we also identified loci near ABCD2, ACSBG1, ELOVL5, HPGDS, DAGT2, ACAD10 and ACSL1 genes with function relevant to metabolism of fatty acids. In this study, valuable genetic variants and candidate genes associated with fatty acid composition traits were identified in Erhualian and Bamaxiang pigs. Some identified loci could be used to improve pork nutrition in pig breeding practice. Using the SNP array with higher marker density and less ascertainment bias improved QTL detection power and precision in Chinese indigenous pigs.     

天水地区干旱过程风险评估方法研究

为研究天水地区干旱变化特征并对其进行定量评估，本文采用天水地区7个气象站1965～2012年45年的气象观测资料，依据风险评估和正态分布等相关理论，首先确定了干旱过程综合评估指数；其次分析了天水地区干旱过程的变化特征；第三利用干旱过程综合评估指数序列对天水地区干旱过程强度风险评估等级进行划分，确定了明显干旱过程重现期评估指标；最后利用等级划分指标及重现期评估指标对2013年天水明显干旱过程进行了试评估。结果表明，该方法能科学、及时、有效的对天水干旱过程风险进行量化评估，对提高防灾减灾和决策气象服务的实效性具有一定的参考价值和意义。