牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤特性及小麦全蚀病防治研究

为充分利用牡丹籽粕中杀虫抑菌等作用成分,确定不同浓度牡丹籽粕提取液对连作土壤性质的影响。本研究通过结合单因素和正交实验、土壤化学性质分析方法及小麦全蚀病室内生物活性测定方法,确定了牡丹籽粕中有效成分最优提取条件为60%乙醇浓度、120 W超声功率、50℃提取温度;发现牡丹籽粕提取液在一定浓度范围内可降低连作土壤pH、改善土壤碱性,对土壤养分中有机质含量、全氮、碳氮比、全磷、灰分均表现出低浓度促进作用,高浓度抑制作用“低促高抑”作用,并有益于真菌、放线菌数量及纤维素酶和脲酶活性的增加;此外,牡丹籽粕提取液浓度为0.8 mg/mL (T4)时,其对小麦全蚀病治疗作用防效达63.42%。本研究结果可为牡丹籽粕废弃物的资源化利用及植物源环保型杀菌剂的开发奠定基础。     

北方粳高粱微波干燥特性试验与仿真分析*

为明确微波干燥条件对高粱含水率和籽粒温度等干燥特性的影响,以粳高粱“龙杂10”为原料,在隧道式微波干燥机上进行连续式干燥试验。并利用HFSS软件仿真分析试验用干燥机的磁控管排布方式和微波作用距离对高粱干燥均匀性的影响。结果表明:随着单位质量功率在2~6 W/g范围内逐渐增加,含水率下降幅度先加快后渐缓,籽粒温度有所下降;每循环干燥时间在1.02~5.0 min范围内逐渐增加,含水率下降幅度显著增强,籽粒温度增加显著;排湿风速在0.0~2.0 m/s范围增加,含水率下降幅度有减小趋势,籽粒温度略有下降。仿真分析表明干燥机磁控管采用“三二三排布方式”、微波作用距离为250 mm时电磁场分布的均匀性更好,从理论上表明本试验采用的隧道式微波干燥机对高粱干燥均匀性是有利的。研究结果将为高粱微波干燥产业化应用提供理论和数据支持。     

Dynamics of Cotton Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Structure in Cotton Continuous Cropping Field Soil

[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the dynamics of cotton rhizosphere bacterial community structure in cotton continuous cropping field soil. [Method] 16S rDNA genes were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology to determine the community structure of cotton rhizosphere bacteria in different developmental stages using an upland cotton cultivar (Gossypium hirsutum cv. TM-1). [Result] Four dominant phyla were found in the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes. The four dominant phyla and Firmicutes were largely influenced by cotton root. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes were promoted, and Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were inhibited, by cotton root. There were significant differences in community structure, but not species richness or α-diversity among different developmental stages of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community; the differences between the flowering stage and the budding stage were greater than the differences between the budding stage and the seedling stage. The diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was significantly higher than that of the bulk soil; the β-diversity values of both the rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities were highest in the flowering stage. [Conclusion] The structure and dynamics of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was defined by high-throughput sequencing. The effect of cotton on the rhizosphere bacterial community structure was most significant in the flowering stage.     

Substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch improves the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon in a double-rice cropping system

The double-rice cropping system is a very important intensive cropping system for food security in China. There have been few studies of the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon(SOC) in the double-rice cropping system following a partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch(Mv). We conducted a 10-year(2008–2017) field experiment in Nan County, South-Central China, to examine the double-rice productivity and SOC accumulation in a paddy soil in response to different fertilization levels and Mv application(22.5 Mg ha~(–1)). Fertilizer and Mv were applied both individually and in combination(sole chemical fertilizers, Mv plus 100, 80, 60, 40, and 0% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers, labeled as F100, MF100, MF80, MF60, MF40, and MF0, respectively). It was found that the grain yields of double-rice crop in treatments receiving Mv were reduced when the dose of chemical fertilizer was reduced, while the change in SOC stock displayed a double peak curve. The MF100 produced the highest double-rice yield and SOC stock, with the value higher by 13.5 and 26.8% than that in the F100. However, the grain yields increased in the MF80(by 8.4% compared to the F100), while the SOC stock only increased by 8.4%. Analogous to the change of grain yield, the sustainable yield index(SYI) of double rice were improved significantly in the MF100 and MF80 compared to the F100, while there was a slight increase in the MF60 and MF40. After a certain amount of Mv input(22.5 Mg ha~(–1)), the carbon sequestration rate was affected by the nutrient input due to the stimulation of microbial biomass. Compared with the MF0, the MF100 and MF40 resulted in a dramatically higher carbon sequestration rate(with the value higher by 71.6 and 70.1%),whereas the MF80 induced a lower carbon sequestration rate with the value lower by 70.1% compared to the MF0. Based on the above results we suggested that Mv could partially replace chemical fertilizers(e.g., 40–60%) to improve or maintain the productivity and sustainability of the double-rice cropping system in South-Central China.     

长江中游地区水旱复种轮作模式资源利用率比较研究

为了实现农田资源高效利用,维护农业生态良性循环,优化长江中游地区传统种植模式,本研究于2013年10月—2015年11月,以冬闲连作为对照,分析比较了不同水旱复种轮作模式(冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻、马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻、蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻、绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻、油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻)的光、温、水、土资源利用效率。结果表明:水旱复种轮作模式的冬季、晚季和周年的光能利用率均比冬闲连作处理高,周年光能利用率两年间分别高8.26%~82.50%和2.63%~121.42%,其中均以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式最高。水旱复种轮作模式的年有效积温利用率均高于冬闲连作模式,两年间分别高12.87%~21.26%和11.17%~25.88%,以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式最佳。两年间水旱复种轮作模式的冬季、晚季和周年的水分利用率均比冬闲连作处理高,其中周年水分利用率分别高45.36%~83.50%和40.00%~118.75%,以"马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻"轮作模式的晚季和周年水分利用率最高,"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"模式的冬季水分利用率最高。两年间土地利用率均以"绿肥-早稻-晚稻"复种模式最高,平均利用率达96.11%,"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式的土地利用率表现最好。因此,各水旱复种轮作模式的周年光能利用率、年有效积温利用率、水分利用率和土地利用率均高于冬闲对照,其中以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"和"绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻"轮作模式表现较好,适宜在长江中游地区推广应用。     

Weed seedling emergence in contrasting fodder crop systems following 30 years of cultivation in the lowlands of Northern Italy

Five fodder crop systems of different intensity (ranging from a double annual crop of Italian ryegrass + silage maize to a permanent meadow) were adopted for 30 years in the lowlands of Northern Italy under two input levels, differing mainly in their provision of organic fertiliser (manure). Herbicides were used in the maize crops included in all systems, except the meadow. After 30 years, the weed seedbank of all systems and input levels were assessed by the seedling emergence technique on soil samples from each plot. The cropping systems determined the abundance and composition of the weed assembly. Relatively few, frequent species made up the majority of the emerged seedlings in all systems, and there was no relationship between the total number of emerged seedlings and the mean number of species recorded in the different systems. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oxalis corniculata were abundant in the annual double crop and in the 3- and 6-year rotations that also comprised the annual double crop. These weeds, however, were unlikely to represent a major threat to the crops, due to their vigour and growth period. The permanent meadow tended to greater weed biodiversity than the other systems. The application of manure favoured the seedbank of species such as Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria sanguinalis and A. thaliana. Weed communities in the different systems were mainly determined by herbicide application, (through the ability of weeds to avoid its effects, determined by the weed life history and emergence period) and manure application (with its possible dual effect of spreading weed seeds and favouring nitrogen-responsive weeds).     

耕地复种差研究进展

【目的】一个区域的粮食总产受作物单产、耕地面积与复种3方面因素影响,通过缩小实际复种与潜力复种之间的差值(即复种差)来提高粮食生产能力是可行的。【方法】文章从复种的理论基础出发,以"复种差概念—实际复种研究—潜力复种研究—复种差研究"为主线,系统梳理当前复种差研究的进展与问题。【结果】研究发现,当前研究大多利用复种指数描述复种情况,且认为"复种差=潜力复种指数-实际复种指数"。复种指数体现的是区域的平均情况而非地块的特定情况,因此,基于复种指数估算复种差,无法针对特定地块提出具体的复种差利用策略。实际上,地块尺度复种差与(区域)生育期长度(LGP)、(作物)成熟天数(DTM)以及种植方式等因素有关。文章进而从LGP利用的视角提出了一个地块复种差研究的可行模式,认为"复种差=(LGP-现实作物DTM)/潜在作物DTM"。【结论】地块尺度复种差研究能为优化资源利用方式,提高耕地集约化利用程度,提升粮食生产能力提供新的理论与方法支撑。     

三种酚酸类化感物质对花生根际土壤微生物及产量的影响

为进一步探明花生连作障碍的机理，通过外源添加的方法研究了不同浓度肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸及其混合物对花生开花下针期、结荚初期、结荚末期根际土壤微生物及产量的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，各处理均降低了各生育期花生根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量、微生物量生物量以及呼吸强度，增加了真菌的数量。随浓度增加，化感作用增强，以3种酚酸类化感物质混合物的化感作用最强。随处理时间的延长，对真菌的化感作用增强，对其他指标的化感作用减弱。各处理均显著降低了花生产量（P < 0.01），处理浓度越高，花生减产幅度越大。最高浓度（初始含量为90mg·kg-1干土）的肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及混合物处理使花生每盆荚果产量分别降低了43.2%、32.9%、40.2%和47.3%。这三种酚酸类物质的累积与连作花生根际土壤微生物群落结构的变化相关，是花生连作障碍产生的可能因素之一。     

马铃薯与玉米复合种植对土壤化感物质及土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为探究马铃薯与玉米复合种植对化感物质积累与细菌群落结构的影响,分析轮作、间作缓解连作障碍的机制,本研究以马铃薯连作、玉米连作、马铃薯||玉米间作、马铃薯-玉米轮作第8年的土壤为对象,利用GC-MS测定土壤中化感物质含量,并采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌16Sr DNA V4-V5区域进行测序,分析土壤中细菌多样性和群落结构的变化,并对化感物质和优势菌属进行相关性分析。结果表明:玉米连作和马铃薯连作会导致化感物质的积累,玉米连作土壤积累了更多的油酸、亚油酸、花生酸、木焦油酸等脂肪酸,马铃薯连作土壤积累了更多的硬脂醇、二十烷醇等脂肪醇类物质。轮作降低了大部分化感物质的积累,间作降低的化感物质种类相对轮作较少。不同种植方式下土壤细菌群落结构发生了显著变化,相对于连作,间作和轮作Ace指数和Chao指数显著升高。在门水平上,轮作土壤放线菌丰度显著高于马铃薯连作土壤,间作土壤拟杆菌门丰度显著低于玉米连作土壤,两种连作土壤中酸杆菌门丰度都较轮作显著升高。在属水平上,一些有益细菌如节杆菌属、溶杆菌属等在复合种植土壤中相对丰度更高。通过相关性分析发现土微菌属、小梨形菌属与脂肪醇类物质呈显著正相关,黄杆菌属、溶杆菌属、微杆菌属等与脂肪酸类物质呈显著负相关。马铃薯与玉米复合种植降低了化感物质在土壤中的积累,从而抑制了土壤细菌丰度的降低,提高了有益菌属丰度,消减了连作障碍。     

残塬沟壑区果园复合种植对土壤动物群落特征的影响

为了解苹果复合种植即果-蔬[MB]、果-草[MH]、果-荒[MW]、果-粮[MZ]模式下土壤动物群落结构特征,采用手拣法和改良干、湿生漏斗法,对黄土残塬沟壑区苹果园4种复合种植模式下的土壤动物群落组成及特征进行调查研究。4种模式下共分离得到土壤动物57.33百只/m~2,隶属4门11纲23目42个类群。4种复合种植模式下土壤动物个体密度和类群数的垂直分布特征表现出明显的表聚特征,水平分布特征表现为果-草[MH]果-蔬[MB]果-荒[MW]≥果-粮[MZ]。果-草[MH]复合种植模式下土壤动物的多样性指数、均匀度指数及丰富度指数最高,优势度指数最低,表明4种复合种植模式对果园土壤动物类群多样性的影响呈现不同的特征。研究结果可为黄土残塬沟壑区苹果果园生物多样性保护提供土壤动物生态学依据。