黄连中盐酸小檗碱的提取纯化及抑菌活性研究

为了探究盐酸小檗碱在植物病原真菌方面的抑制作用,以黄连根粉为材料,采用酸水法提取和乙醇重结晶获得盐酸小檗碱纯品,采用生长速率法研究了盐酸小檗碱对常见植物病原菌的抑制活性。结果表明,盐酸小檗碱的提取率为3.3%,经高效液相色谱法测得其含量为93.56%;抑菌活性试验表明,盐酸小檗碱在100μg/mL时对玉米大斑病菌的抑制率达99.9%,EC_(50)为8.20μg/mL,表现出比药剂对照噁霉灵和百菌清更高的抑制活性;进一步的试验表明,与噁霉灵及百菌清相比,盐酸小檗碱对玉米大斑病菌的抑制作用具有持效期长的特点。     

金花茶组叶片生化成分评价及其最佳采收期研究

本研究以26份来源于6种金花茶组植物、不同表型防城金花茶和不同月份采收的防城金花茶的成熟叶片为材料,建立同时测定芦丁、槲皮素、木犀草素、山奈酚4种黄酮成分的HPLC法,以及优化了测定茶多酚、总黄酮、总多糖和总皂苷成分含量的紫外分光光度法,基于以上8种成分含量,结合主成分综合评分和聚类分析的化学计量学方法,对不同来源金花茶叶片生化成分进行综合评价。结果表明：8种成分含量在不同来源金花茶叶片中存在差异,其中无名金花茶8种成分含量均较高,四季金花茶、防城金花茶次之;8年生1—12月份采收的防城金花茶叶片中,总皂苷、总黄酮和总多糖含量均表现为升-降-升-降的变化规律,并在10月含量达到最高;5年生不同种（S1~S14）主成分综合评分顺序为：无名金花茶>四季金花茶>防城金花茶（花蕾大、花多、不抗寒、花黄且大、尖果）>显脉金花茶>凹脉金花茶>小果金花茶;8年生不同月份（S15~S26）主成分综合评分顺序为：10月采>2月采>3月采>4月采>5月采>7月采>6月采>1月采>8月采>12月采>11月采>9月采,其中无名金花茶、四季金花茶及防城金花茶中花蕾大、花多、花黄且大等表型的金花茶叶片与2—4月份和10月份采集的8年生金花茶叶片的多指标综合评分排序位列前10;聚类分析结果将供试26份样品分为5类。综上所述,金花茶叶片的生化成分与金花茶植物种类和采收期有关,无名金花茶、四季金花茶和防城金花茶中花蕾大、花多、不抗寒、花黄且大的表现型的综合生化成分较高,初步确定防城金花茶叶片的适宜采收期为2—4月份和10月份,所建立的多指标定量结合化学计量学分析方法为金花茶组植物叶片的生化成分评价提供依据。     

三氮脒含量测定的高效液相色谱法研究

建立了HPLC法测定注射用三氮脒中三氮脒含量的方法。采用C18色谱柱,以0.05 mol/L磷酸溶液-乙腈(95∶5,V/V)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为370 nm,柱温为30℃。结果三氮脒在1~100μg/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.9998。建立的方法操作简便、准确、可靠,可用于三氮脒的质量控制。     

The quality of compliance: investigating fishers’ responses towards regulation and authorities

A substantial amount of scientific effort goes into understanding and measuring compliance in fisheries. Understanding why, how and when fishers follow or violate rules is crucial for designing effective fishery policies that can halt overfishing. Non‐compliance was initially explained almost exclusively with reference to economic and self‐interested motivations. More recently, however, most explanations involve a combination of economic, social, political and environmental factors. Despite this recent development towards more holistic explanations, many scientists continue to frame the issue in binary terms: fishers either follow rules, or they don't. In this article we challenge this binary interpretation and focus attention on the diversity of fishers’ dispositions and perceptions that underpin compliant behaviour. To this aim we construct a typology of fishers’ responses towards regulation and authorities, thereby developing conceptual tools to understand different motivations and attitudes that underlie compliance outcomes. For this purpose, we identify the motivational postures of ‘creativity’ and ‘reluctance’, and then highlight their empirical relevance with an interview study of Swedish fishers. Reasons for studying the quality and diversity of fishers’ motivations and responses are not purely academic. Conceptualizing and observing the quality of compliance can help policymakers and managers gauge and anticipate the potentiality of non‐compliant fishing practices that may threaten the resilience of marine ecosystems.     

Aerial drone technology can assist compliance of trap fisheries

Illegal fishing is a global issue that threatens the viability of fishing industries and biodiversity conservation. Management agencies typically use on‐ground surveillance to monitor and minimise illegal fishing practices, the efficacy of which may be enhanced by integrating emerging remote sensing technology. Affordable drones may contribute to cost‐effective detection of illegal fishing activity and associated gear, although their application has yet to be evaluated in many types of fisheries. Here, the utility of drones for the detection of crab traps and floats set in a shallow estuary was quantitatively tested, and the effects of survey altitudes, cameras and monitor screens on detection rates were determined. It was found that drone flight altitude and float colour influenced the detection rates of common crab trap floats, with infrared cameras improving the detection of floats camouflaged by black paint. However, the type of monitor screen used by the drone operator had no influence on the detection of crab traps. Overall, it appears drones can contribute to cost‐effective compliance in estuarine trap fisheries, and the approach can contribute to evidence‐based standard operating procedures.     

水稻赖氨酸含量测定方法改进及其最优动态分类研究

赖氨酸是水稻营养成分中第一限制性氨基酸。为优化赖氨酸的测定方法,设置了本试验,通过超声振荡器取代普通振荡器,进行300W超声功率下酰化用时及染料结合反应用时的研究。结果表明,最佳酰化用时为15 min,染料结合用时为90 min。与国标法相比,优化后的方法酰化用时变长、染料结合用时变短,测定总用时明显缩短,但测定结果和试验精度更高。可见,采用超声波振荡代替传统振荡器振荡能改进赖氨酸的测定方法。另外,采用最优动态聚类法对赖氨酸含量进行分类,能防止人为分类的不确定性,做到分类方案的最优化。     

肯塔基沙门菌对氟喹诺酮和碳青霉烯类药物耐药性研究进展

肯塔基沙门菌（Salmonella Kentucky）是继鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌后又一与人类肠道疾病相关的沙门菌血清型，因其获得和传播耐药性的能力较强而逐渐引起关注。该血清型沙门菌按照多位点序列分型分得的众多亚型中，ST198血清亚型具有易获得耐药突变的基因组岛的特性，21世纪以来不断进化，除获得常见抗菌药物耐药基因外，还相继获得对氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性并扩散全球，造成临床上难以治疗的病例而引起世界卫生组织的关注。作者整理了肯塔基沙门菌的进化历程，着重阐述肯塔基沙门菌关于氟喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况及耐药机制，以期为中国沙门菌的实验室防控监测系统提供理论依据。     

Owner Compliance to an Environmental Management Protocol for Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome

Severe equine asthma (SEA) syndrome is a chronic recurrent respiratory disease, common among adult horses. The disease occurs in genetically susceptible individuals after their exposure to organic dust. Thus, environmental management has proved essential in controlling airway challenge and disease exacerbation. This is a demanding process that can only be achieved through the horse owners’ cooperation. One year after initial diagnosis of SEA in a group of 39 horses, owner compliance to an environmental management protocol was evaluated. The overall compliance to the protocol was poor and the horses’ clinical health and need for pharmacological management was related to the successful implementation of the environmental recommendations provided on disease diagnosis.     

生猪保险查勘定损工作中的生物安全风险防范措施探讨

在非洲猪瘟防控新形势下,各猪场都高度重视生物安全,对生物安全风险防范工作提出了新的要求。在这种情况下,过去生猪保险查勘定损中的一些传统做法已经不能适应新形势,出现了猪场封闭式管理和查勘定损工作相冲突,病死猪理赔监督不到位、死亡原因不明、处理不及时以及部分查勘员生物安全意识淡薄等现象。对此,有关部门和机构应加强生物安全培训,采用网络和电子化等手段变革传统工作方式,在保险机构和畜牧兽医部门间加强联动和信息共享,把查勘定损、无害化处理和疫病监测溯源工作有机结合,把生物安全风险降到最低。     

甜菜种子活力的测定——基于近红外高光谱技术

为保证田间甜菜种子的出苗率和生产潜力,需要在种植前对种子进行活力检测,挑选出活力高的甜菜种子进行推广种植。利用高温处理法对甜菜种子进行老化处理,再基于标准正态变换(SNV)、去趋势校正(DET)、Savitzky-Golay平滑处理(SG)、一阶差分(1D)和二阶差分(2D)5种近红外高光谱预处理方法,构建种子活力智能检测模型得出预测的种子发芽率,再利用老化处理后的甜菜种子进行发芽实验得出实际的发芽率。研究发现,甜菜种子经过一阶差分预处理建立的智能检测模型预测性能最好,其预测准确率达到91.92%。将未处理的甜菜种子的实际发芽率与一阶差分预处理法建立的智能模型预测结果进行对比,发现模型的预测准确率为88.2%。近红外高光谱技术是一种快速、无损的作物种子活力测定的新方法。