Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

不同种植密度对机采辣椒品种性状和产量的影响

为明确不同种植密度对机采辣椒品种性状、产量的影响,以适宜机采的辣椒‘辣研102’为研究对象,设置4个种植密度（P0:38 480株/hm²、P1:51 307株/hm²、P2:76 961株/hm²、P3:102 615株/hm²）,分别于贵阳、遵义两地开展田间小区试验。结果表明,随着种植密度的增加,辣椒株高呈增加趋势,茎粗呈下降趋势。辣椒根部、地上部生物量均在高密植条件下（P3）时达到最小。辣椒的发病率与病情指数均随种植密度的增加而显著提高,高密植处理条件下（P3）达到最大,发病率分别为41.67%（贵阳）、43.33%（遵义）,病情指数分别为31.05%（贵阳）、29.86%（遵义）。过高的种植密度导致单株辣椒光合作用大幅下降:P1、P2、P3处理条件下光合速率分别较P0处理显著降低13.94%、24.73%、29.66%（遵义）;P1、P2、P3处理条件下辣椒叶片蒸腾速率较P0降低10.02%、19.81%、42.12%（贵阳）。辣椒总产量随种植密度增加而显著提高,而商品果产量随种植密度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。商品果产量在P1条件下获得最大值,相对于P0、P2、P3贵阳辣椒商品果产量显著提高了16.43%、32.81%、41.67%,遵义提高了20.25%、26.67%、61.02%。综合辣椒生长与商品果产量,贵州机采辣椒‘辣研102’最佳种植密度为51307株/hm²。     

不同比例缓释肥、烟草专用复合肥配施对植烟土壤肥力及烤烟产质量的影响

为探究不同比例缓释肥、烟草专用复合肥配施对植烟土壤肥力及烤烟产质量的影响,在宣威市热水镇植烟区设置了5种不同肥料配比组合和对照,对植烟土壤及烤后烟叶进行取样分析。结果表明：不同比例缓释肥配施烟草专用复合肥使土壤综合肥力指数(IFI)相较于CK（单施烟草专用复合肥）提高了12.50%~23.21%,以60%~100%缓释肥等比替代复合肥(T3、T4、T5)表现最优。从烤烟综合品质来看,不同比例缓释肥替代烟草专用复合肥使烤烟综合品质平均得分相较于CK提高了0.19%~6.64%,其中以80%缓释肥替代复合肥处理(T4)表现最优。烤后烟叶经济效益也以T4最优,公顷产值达到59995.80元,高于对照和其他处理。综上所述,缓释肥和复合肥比例为80%:20%,能较好的提高烟叶综合品质,烤后烟叶能获得较好的经济效益,并在一定程度上改善土壤养分结构。     

元宝枫优质大苗培育技术

本文介绍了元宝枫育苗技术,具体包括一年生幼苗生产技术、大苗培育技术、土肥水管理、整形修剪、病虫害防治等方面内容,以期为培养出高规格的优质大苗提供参考。     

播期对夏玉米生长发育及产量的影响

2018年在湖南省桃源县木塘垸乡,以临奥1号、湘农玉27号和郑单958为材料,设置5个播期处理,T1(5月8日)、T2(5月16日)、T3(5月24日)、T4(6月4日)、T5(6月14日),研究不同播期对夏玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明:播期延后,玉米的生育期缩短,湘农玉27号、郑单958和临奥1号全生育期分别缩短5、5、4d;从吐丝期至成熟期,早播处理(T1、T2)的干物质积累量大于晚播处理(T3、T4、T5)的,各品种均以T1处理的最大;至成熟期,湘农玉27号、临奥1号、郑单958的干物质积累量分别为24576.2、25087.7、26367kg/hm~2;3个品种的叶面积指数在吐丝期最大,播期推迟,叶面积指数逐渐下降;3个品种T3、T4、T5处理的倒伏倒折率均高于T1、T2处理的,倒伏倒折率从高至低依次为湘农玉27号、临奥1号、郑单958;空秆率各处理间无显著差异,品种间差异也较小,空秆率从高至低依次为临奥1号、郑单958、湘农玉27号;3个品种的产量均以T1处理的最高,播期推迟,3个品种的产量均下降,且播种日期越晚,产量降低幅度越大;在本试验区域宜在5月上旬或中旬播种玉米。     

基于农林植物表型的智能喷雾机械研究进展

传统喷雾机械通常仅关注无生命的机械作业性能，而忽略了有生命的植物因素，造成喷雾机械智能化水平不高。文中在分析农林植物表型对喷雾机械设计方法和喷雾性能影响的基础上，系统综述国内外开展的智能喷雾机械研究，提出基于植物表型的智能喷雾机械设计方法研究展望，探讨分析基于农林植物表型特征参数的新型、高水平智能化喷雾机械，并指出农林植物表型技术的发展必将推动绿色智能喷雾机械的创新。     

单垄单行甘薯联合收获机薯秧分离机构设计与参数优化

针对中国甘薯联合收获机作业薯秧分离机构分离不彻底、甘薯损伤数量多、茎秆缠绕机具部件等亟待解决的问题,该文基于自走式甘薯联合收获机设计了一种结构简单、摘净率高、伤薯率低以及防茎秆缠绕的薯秧分离机构。根据设计计算确定了分离机构结构参数,其中挖掘输送装置总长度为2050mm,水平倾角为24°;主动轴和摘辊半径分别为18、36 mm;输送装置下层杆条与摘辊间距为27 mm,最上端与摘辊之间距离为251 mm。经过理论分析明确了甘薯的运动特性及其影响作业质量的主要工作参数机具前进速度、主动轴转速、输送装置水平倾角。通过薯秧分离试验发现在甘薯收获期薯秧分离力与其含水率变化规律符合二次函数关系,进一步开展田间试验借助Box-BenhnKen的中心组合设计方法选取主要工作参数对摘净率和损伤率的影响并作试验设计,以此为基础开展三因素三水平一次回归正交试验。在DESIGNEXPERT中使用响应曲面法分析各因素对摘净率和损伤率影响效应并对回归模型的参数进行优化。当田间试验取最优参数组合机具前进速度1.2 m/s、主动轴转速895 r/min、输送装置水平倾角24°时,摘净率和损伤率分别为98.14%、2.76%,分离效果满足甘薯收获要求。该研究也为其他土下果实联合收获作业果秧分离机构提供思路。     

Do tillage and conversion of grassland to cropland always deplete soil organic carbon?

ABSTRACT

Conversion of grassland to cropland is widely reported to deplete soil organic carbon (SOC) largely due to tillage effects on the decomposition of SOC. However, most studies report on long-term changes in SOC following the conversion and little is known about the changes in the short term. Net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) measures the difference between total C input (i.e., manure, above- and below-ground plant residues) and C loss through heterotrophic respiration (RH). However, most studies that report temporal SOC do not report other components of the NECB like RH, total C inputs and often do not include the cumulative annualized change of these components. This review evaluated the change in C input, RH, NECB and SOC after conversion of permanent/continuous grassland to cropland within 5 years after the conversion. We also reviewed and compared no-tillage and conventional tillage on SOC storage and accumulation. Total C input was higher in grassland than cropland largely due to high root biomass, as opposed to aboveground residue, and therefore grassland tended to have higher NECB. Despite higher NECB in grassland, the SOC stocks in cropland (cornfield) converted from grassland were greater than that in continuous grassland within first 2–3 years of conversion. The combination of manure C addition and tillage in cropland showed potential to maintain NECB and increase SOC. Within the continuous grassland C addition alone increased NECB but did not result in a corresponding increase in SOC. Residue retention and manure addition are recognized as good practices for increasing SOC, this study however, shows that combining them with occasional tillage, especially in managed grasslands, could increase the rate of SOC storage in soils.     

穴播条件下地膜覆盖及播种量对春小麦土壤水盐分布的影响

[目的]在河套平原开展了地膜覆盖及穴播量对春小麦土壤水盐分布的影响研究,为减轻土壤盐渍化,提高土壤水分利用效率,实现精量化播种,促进地膜春小麦生产提供科学指导。[方法]以穴播不同量(穴播量分别为8粒,10粒,12粒,14粒和16粒)的露地春小麦为对照,监测穴播不同量的地膜春小麦对土壤水分、盐分分布及春小麦产量的影响。[结果]地膜覆盖与露地穴播的土壤水分均随穴播量的增加而降低;且从播种至灌浆期不同穴播量间的差异随着春小麦的生长而增大。相同穴播量下地膜覆盖的土壤水分在孕穗期前高于露地,扬花期后则低于露地;整个生长期地膜覆盖的耗水量略高于露地。地膜覆盖与露地穴播的土壤盐分均随穴播量的增加而降低但无显著差异,相同穴播量下地膜覆盖0—30 cm土层土壤盐分显著低于露地,30 cm土层以下则与露地基本一致。地膜覆盖与露地穴播的土壤水分利用效率均随穴播量的增加而增加,相同穴播量下地膜覆盖的春小麦产量和水分利用效率、水分产出率高于露地,千粒重和经济系数则低于露地。露地穴播的产量及水分产出率均以穴播14粒的最高,地膜覆盖的产量以穴播12粒的最高,水分产出率以穴播10粒的最高。[结论]地膜覆盖可降低0—30 cm土层土壤盐分,提高土壤水分利用效率,河套平原地膜春小麦的适宜穴播量应为当地常规露地条播量的70%至84%,即穴播10至12粒。     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.