Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

基于经济效益的农业新型经营主体小麦玉米全程机械化农机配备研究

因山东省旱作灌溉区种植模式多样、技术模式不统一，规模化生产下的机械效能未能充分发挥，存在动力机械与机具配套比低、农机动力与资金浪费问题，在对小麦玉米周年轮作下全程机械化技术模式调研后，总结小麦玉米全程机械化技术路线，构建以作业成本最小为目标的农机装备优化配备模型。通过对平度市某小麦玉米种植合作社进行计算，作业成本较实际情况下降10.9%；总动力优化配备结果为23.712 kW，下降51.36%；农机配套比提高50%。研究结果可为山东省旱作灌溉区小麦玉米全程机械化技术模式优选、农机农艺深度融合、农业合作社的农机配备等方面提供技术参考。     

移动互联网环境下农机企业危机沟通的思考*

从危机沟通的渠道、危机沟通的具体策略、危机沟通的后续行动三个方面,为中国农机企业的危机沟通提供可行建议。以形象修护理论为基础,结合移动互联网环境传播特点以及中国农业机械化发展的实际情况,分析新浪新闻手机客户端、今日头条手机客户端上的两条农机质量纠纷视频。推荐农机企业使用的8条具体策略包括:否认事件不实部分;表明事件的意外属性;阐明自身出发点;阐明自己的贡献及所做出的努力;提出物质补偿;提出改进措施;承担有错部分;主动向用户征询意见。提出危机沟通应在线上、线下两种渠道进行,危机沟通应与具体行动相结合。     

不同比例缓释肥、烟草专用复合肥配施对植烟土壤肥力及烤烟产质量的影响

为探究不同比例缓释肥、烟草专用复合肥配施对植烟土壤肥力及烤烟产质量的影响,在宣威市热水镇植烟区设置了5种不同肥料配比组合和对照,对植烟土壤及烤后烟叶进行取样分析。结果表明：不同比例缓释肥配施烟草专用复合肥使土壤综合肥力指数(IFI)相较于CK（单施烟草专用复合肥）提高了12.50%~23.21%,以60%~100%缓释肥等比替代复合肥(T3、T4、T5)表现最优。从烤烟综合品质来看,不同比例缓释肥替代烟草专用复合肥使烤烟综合品质平均得分相较于CK提高了0.19%~6.64%,其中以80%缓释肥替代复合肥处理(T4)表现最优。烤后烟叶经济效益也以T4最优,公顷产值达到59995.80元,高于对照和其他处理。综上所述,缓释肥和复合肥比例为80%:20%,能较好的提高烟叶综合品质,烤后烟叶能获得较好的经济效益,并在一定程度上改善土壤养分结构。     

单垄单行甘薯联合收获机薯秧分离机构设计与参数优化

针对中国甘薯联合收获机作业薯秧分离机构分离不彻底、甘薯损伤数量多、茎秆缠绕机具部件等亟待解决的问题,该文基于自走式甘薯联合收获机设计了一种结构简单、摘净率高、伤薯率低以及防茎秆缠绕的薯秧分离机构。根据设计计算确定了分离机构结构参数,其中挖掘输送装置总长度为2050mm,水平倾角为24°;主动轴和摘辊半径分别为18、36 mm;输送装置下层杆条与摘辊间距为27 mm,最上端与摘辊之间距离为251 mm。经过理论分析明确了甘薯的运动特性及其影响作业质量的主要工作参数机具前进速度、主动轴转速、输送装置水平倾角。通过薯秧分离试验发现在甘薯收获期薯秧分离力与其含水率变化规律符合二次函数关系,进一步开展田间试验借助Box-BenhnKen的中心组合设计方法选取主要工作参数对摘净率和损伤率的影响并作试验设计,以此为基础开展三因素三水平一次回归正交试验。在DESIGNEXPERT中使用响应曲面法分析各因素对摘净率和损伤率影响效应并对回归模型的参数进行优化。当田间试验取最优参数组合机具前进速度1.2 m/s、主动轴转速895 r/min、输送装置水平倾角24°时,摘净率和损伤率分别为98.14%、2.76%,分离效果满足甘薯收获要求。该研究也为其他土下果实联合收获作业果秧分离机构提供思路。     

Do tillage and conversion of grassland to cropland always deplete soil organic carbon?

ABSTRACT

Conversion of grassland to cropland is widely reported to deplete soil organic carbon (SOC) largely due to tillage effects on the decomposition of SOC. However, most studies report on long-term changes in SOC following the conversion and little is known about the changes in the short term. Net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) measures the difference between total C input (i.e., manure, above- and below-ground plant residues) and C loss through heterotrophic respiration (RH). However, most studies that report temporal SOC do not report other components of the NECB like RH, total C inputs and often do not include the cumulative annualized change of these components. This review evaluated the change in C input, RH, NECB and SOC after conversion of permanent/continuous grassland to cropland within 5 years after the conversion. We also reviewed and compared no-tillage and conventional tillage on SOC storage and accumulation. Total C input was higher in grassland than cropland largely due to high root biomass, as opposed to aboveground residue, and therefore grassland tended to have higher NECB. Despite higher NECB in grassland, the SOC stocks in cropland (cornfield) converted from grassland were greater than that in continuous grassland within first 2–3 years of conversion. The combination of manure C addition and tillage in cropland showed potential to maintain NECB and increase SOC. Within the continuous grassland C addition alone increased NECB but did not result in a corresponding increase in SOC. Residue retention and manure addition are recognized as good practices for increasing SOC, this study however, shows that combining them with occasional tillage, especially in managed grasslands, could increase the rate of SOC storage in soils.     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

基于倾斜摄影的玉米种粒三维参数同步测量装置

为解决脱穗之后的玉米种粒三维特征的获取和分析这个重要而又困难的问题,该研究基于机器视觉技术开发了一种融合三维特征的玉米种粒考种装置。装置通过2块相互垂直的标定板来保留倾斜影像中的空间信息和标定数据,并据此计算三维数据。基于装置的标定数据,用图像处理的方法获取玉米种粒的长度、宽度和厚度数值。通过透视变换,从倾斜摄影图像分别得到水平正摄和垂直正摄的图像;玉米种粒轮廓的长轴和短轴以旋转盘的直径为参考进行计算;玉米种粒的厚度以垂直方向棋盘格标定数据为参考进行计算。按照10帧/s的帧率和1 280×720的图像分辨率启动图像记录系统。选取180粒不同品种的玉米种粒进行试验。种粒长轴、短轴和厚度测量的均方根误差分别为1.86、1.28和0.741 mm;决定系数分别是0.849 6、0.869 3和0.846 2。使用该装置并配合相应的方法能较为准确的一次性测量玉米种粒的三维参数,该研究可为玉米种粒的精细化考种提供参考。     

Tillage and crop straw methods affect energy use efficiency,economics and greenhouse gas emissions in rainfed winter wheat field of Loess Plateau in China

Data from a field experiment conducted in China's Loess Plateau (2013–2015) were used to determine the energy balance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by tillage and straw treatments. Tillage treatments included chisel plow, no tillage, and mouldboard plow. Crop straw levels included straw returning and straw removed. The energy balance was evaluated by comparing the following parameters: net energy, energy profitability, energy use efficiency, and energy intensity. The yield parameters were significantly influenced by the tillage treatments and revealed that the chisel plow entailed fewer field operations and lower energy requirements with a higher yield than mouldboard plowing tillage. The highest proportion of energy input came from a nitrogen fertiliser, followed by diesel fuel. The total energy input applied per hectare increased with an increase in the tillage intensity, and the lowest energy input was required for the no tillage case with the straw returning treatment, and the highest for the case of mouldboard plow with the straw returning treatment. The lowest average energy intensity was recorded for the no tillage case, followed by the case of chisel plow tillage in both cropping seasons. Moreover, in the case of mouldboard plough tillage, the maximum energy intensity was recorded in both cropping seasons. In the cases of the chisel plow tillage and the no tillage, we observed the maximum energy gain, while in the no tillage case, we observed the maximum energy use efficiency. The net return and the benefit/cost ratio were higher in the case of straw returning than those in the case of no straw treatment. We concluded that no tillage and chisel plow tillage with straw returning could improve the energy use efficiency and the benefit/cost ratio of winter wheat production systems.     

4LL–1.5Y型联合收割机割台的振动特性

运用有限元软件ANSYS workbench仿真分析4LL–1.5Y型联合收割机割台,得到割台机架前6阶模态频率和模态振型,结果表明,割台在受振动时易产生变形的部位是割台机架的两侧壁和割台机架进口处的底板。利用三轴加速度传感和Co Co–80动态信号测试分析系统,分别测得割台机架关键部位的加速度信号,对比非田间作业试验发动机空转、整机运转(不行走)分别在怠速(700 r/min)、中速(1 200 r/min)、高速(1 800 r/min)和田间作业不同工况下各方向的加速度,各测点水平方向加速度是其他2方向的2~4倍,表明割台的振动主要以水平方向振动为主,其中倾斜输送器受振动比较严重,加速度最大值高达97.28 m/s2。对比有限元分析与振动试验结果发现,对割台振动影响较大的激励频率(20、22 Hz)几乎都出现在割台机架的模态频率(18.679 Hz)附近。