茶树植保机械及减量施药技术研究进展

农药防治是茶树病虫害综合防治的重要组成部分,其在病虫害突发或爆发时具有快速高效的防治优势。茶树叶片表面具有亲水性,常量施药会造成茶叶农残超标、生态环境破坏等问题,实现茶树减量施药是减少茶叶农残的有效手段。系统综述了茶树生物特性、茶树病虫害预测诊断及防治方法、茶树植保机械及施药技术,强调提高茶树低容量喷雾的农药有效利用率是实现茶树减量施药的关键。针对目前茶园地面工况复杂及农药利用率低的问题,本文从低容量仿形喷雾机、茶树病虫害喷雾决策及智能终端等六个方面提出茶树病虫害施药技术及装备的研究建议,指出低量化、精准化及智能化是未来茶树植保喷雾机械及施药技术的发展方向。     

乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用及优势分析

随着我国社会经济的发展,逐步暴露出了许多的生态环境问题。而为了维持生态的平衡,就要提高植树造林的力度,这其中碳汇造林就是植树造林工作的延伸。在碳汇造林中乡土阔叶树种发挥着重要作用,针对乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用进行分析,对项目中出现的问题进行优化。     

Phenotypic plasticity of two invasive alien plant species inside a deciduous forest in a strict nature reserve in Italy

ABSTRACT

Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) represent one of the main biological threats to biodiversity worldwide. Information about their phenotypic plasticity are needed to increase awareness about their future invasive potential. A study about phenotypic plasticity in response to contrasting light regimes and its quantification by a plasticity index (PI) of two IAPs (Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia) inside a Strict Nature Reserve was conducted. R. pseudoacacia showed a 70% higher PI, with a strongly greater value at morphological leaf level, associated with a greater ability to survive and grow in forest understory, explaining its greater widespread. Otherwise, A. altissima showed its highest PI at physiological level, which was associated with the ability to colonize and grow in environments with high-light regimes. Based on these results, the conservative management has limited the presence of A. altissima by its lower ability to grow in forest understory. In fact, the small-scale gaps in the forest infrastructure, that could allow its recruitment, are originated only from the death of a single tree or small group of trees. Regarding R. pseudoacacia, it is critical to maintain this type of management because any disturbances resulting in large openings could further promote its presence inside the Reserve.     

Analysis and Assessment on Heavy Metal Contamination in Cotton Seeds of Hunan Province

[Objective] In order to guarantee the quality and safety of cotton products and to explore the feasibility of alternative planting, the contamination condition of the heavy metals in cotton seeds in Hunan province was investigated and evaluated. [Method] Fifty-six cotton seed samples, collected in 6 counties of Hunan province, were collected to determine 6 indicators including cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and inorganic arsenic contents. This was followed by pollution index calculation, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis. [Results] The range of comprehensive pollution indexes of Junshan district, Anxiang county, Nanxian county, Wangcheng and Dingcheng districts varied between 0.366 5–0.577 0, which belonged to a secure level. However, the single pollution indexes of Hengyang county are relatively high. The comprehensive pollution index of Hengyang county was 0.801 6, meaning a mild pollution level. [Conclusion] The pollution status of cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and arsenic in Hunan cottonseed samples are generally acceptable. Cotton could be a substitute for rice on contaminated soil.     

根域限制栽培对主干形‘圆梦’桃生长和果实品质的影响

根域限制栽培具有控制树冠、促进果树成花的优点，适宜在主干形整枝的密植果园中应用，但不同品种桃表现不同。‘圆梦’桃是由‘湖景蜜露’和‘白丽’杂交而来的中晚熟新品种，为明确‘圆梦’用作南方密植品种的适用性，以浙江省桃主栽品种‘湖景蜜露’为对照品种，对其营养生长、成花量和果实品质进行了研究，结果表明根域限制栽培的‘圆梦’树体营养生长和枝条成花量与‘湖景蜜露’基本一致，且果型大小、糖度、色泽更优。     

Molecular identification of blast resistance genes in rice landraces from northeastern India

Rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most devastating diseases causing huge losses worldwide. In the present study, major blast resistance genes were investigated in landraces originating from northeastern India. Based on phenotypic evaluation, 288 landraces were classified into three distinct groups: resistant (75), moderately resistant (127) and susceptible (86). The genetic frequencies of the 18 major blast resistance genes were between 6.2% and 27.4%, with only two genotypes possessing a maximum of nine blast resistance genes. The cluster and population structure analysis grouped the landraces into two groups. Through principal coordinate analysis, the scatter plots partitioned the resistant and moderately resistant landraces into different groups. Analysis of molecular variance showed maximum (96%) diversity within populations and least (4%) diversity between populations. Association analysis identified six markers, CRG4_2, RM72, tk59-2, pi21_79-3, RM1233 and RM6648, that are significantly associated with blast disease and explained a phenotypic variance of 1.1–6.5%. The associated genes could be used in marker-assisted rice breeding programmes for gene pyramiding to develop rice varietal resistance against blast disease. The present study represents a valuable blast resistance genetic resource that could be used for identification of new R genes, donors for blast resistance, and genomic studies.     

播期对三江平原主栽水稻品种品质的影响

通过播期试验,对三江平原5个主栽水稻品种的品质性状进行分析。结果表明,播期对整精米率、垩白米率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、食味值均有影响,对糙米率、精米率影响较小。随着播期的推迟,整精米率明显降低,外观品质变劣,且二者呈极显著负相关;直链淀粉含量呈升高趋势,蛋白质含量则呈降低趋势;食味值变化因品种而异。对品质各性状的变异系数进行聚类分析,结果表明,垩白粒率、垩白度受播期影响最大,属于敏感性状;糙米率、精米率、食味值、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量受播期影响较小,属于迟钝性状;整精米率受播期影响变异幅度在二者之间。综合而言,早播对5个水稻品种整体品质提升具有正向作用;但从食味值角度出发,早熟品种龙粳31和龙粳46适当晚播可能更有利于口感的改善。     

南方地区甜樱桃不同品种及树形组合筛选

以甜樱桃主栽品种“布鲁克斯”、“红蜜”、“拉宾斯”、“萨米脱”、“黑珍珠”、“秦林”、“06-7”为试材,研究在南方山地条件下不同栽培模式对生长量、果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明：在高海拔条件下甜樱桃物候期相应推迟7-14天；不同树形树势存在显著差异,UFO树形树势良好,且对于果实品质提高有一定作用；UFO树形可显著提高“布鲁克斯”、“06-7”、“萨米脱”等品种产量。该研究为甜樱桃在浙江等南方地区推广合理树形提供参考依据