网约车平台民事侵权责任的反思与构建

2016年《网络预约出租汽车经营服务暂行办法》把网约车平台定位为普通承运人,使得网约车平台承担了过重的民事责任。平台的运营模式、控制力与驾驶员的从属程度等都说明了其不同于一般承运人,它的侵权责任认定必须符合平台技术与商业发展现实,具体设计应有价值层面和技术层面的双重考量。网约车平台应履行有限的事前注意和事后补救义务,其侵权责任可遵循过错责任原则,前提是知晓具体侵权行为发生而不采取补救措施,即客观上存在违背合理注意义务的行为,主观上对具体侵权行为存在知晓或应当知晓。另外兼顾考虑各方利益,平台可以履行先行赔付义务,与驾驶员之间是一种附条件不真正连带责任。     

防治青枯病工程菌Hrp-菌株的固体剂型研究

本文对工程菌 Hrp-菌株的固体剂型进行了初步研究。经载体、保护剂和抑菌剂的筛选,最终得出固体菌剂的制作方法。具体为将发酵菌液以5000 r/min离心10 min后弃上清,收集菌泥;将菌泥加至石蜡油中,振荡15～20 min使其在石蜡油中充分分散,制成菌悬液;再将此菌液按1：1比例与灭菌后的草炭混合均匀,制成固体菌剂;再向这种固体菌剂中加入杂菌抑制剂乳酸链球菌素（0.75 g/kg）和纳他霉素（0.075 g/kg）,并混合均匀。制作的固体菌剂在pH值5.3左右、含水量35%、不抽真空及温度25℃的条件下保存6个月,存活率为44.4%,有效活菌量为1.12×1010 cfu/g。     

花生生长素输入载体基因PNAUX1的克隆及表达模式分析

生长素作为重要的植物激素,在调节植物生长发育中起重要作用。其所具有的极性运输特性,主要通过运输载体进行调控。本研究从花生未成熟种子cDNA文库中筛选到一个可能的生长素输入载体AUX/LAX类基因,命名为PNAUX1,通过RT-PCR对其表达模式分析显示,该基因在花生各组织中为组成型表达;同时,将PCR扩增获得的目的片段与植物双元表达载体pCAMBIA1301连接,构建了正义和反义载体转化DR5∷GUS拟南芥,并获得转基因植株。     

Controlled release of avermectin from porous hollow silica nanoparticles

Porous hollow silica nanoparticles (PHSNs) with a diameter of ca 100 nm and a pore size of ca 4.5 nm were synthesized via a sol-gel route using inorganic calcium carbonate nanoparticles as templates. The synthesized PHSNs were subsequently employed as pesticide carriers to study the controlled release behaviour of avermectin. The avermectin-loaded PHSN (Av-PHSN) samples were characterized by BET, thermogravimetric analysis and IR, showing that the amount of avermectin encapsulated in the PHSN carrier could reach 58.3% w/w by a simple immersion loading method, and that most of the adsorption of avermectin on the Av-PHSN carrier might be physical. Avermectin may be loaded on the external surface, the pore channels in the wall and the inner core of the PHSN carriers, thus leading to a multi-stage sustained-release pattern from the Av-PHSN samples. Increasing pH or temperature intensified the avermectin release.     

白僵菌半固体平板培养的工艺研究

以平板和塑料网格平板为载体,研究优质液体种子的高效培养、半固体发酵工艺.结果表明,在25℃下培养36 h可获得高活性的优质液体种子,接种量10%、半固体培养基在平板上粘附的厚度0.25 cm左右、培养环境湿度90%～95%、产孢最佳终止时间9 d最为经济合理.利用塑料网格平板生产的孢子粉含量可达1.2×1011～2.0×1011g-1(含水率为9.05%～11.36%),萌发率在98%以上.     

Plastic carrier polishing chamber reduces pollution swapping from denitrifying woodchip bioreactors

Denitrifying bioreactors with solid organic carbon sources (i.e., “woodchip bioreactors”) have proven to be relatively simple and cost effective treatment systems for nitrate-laden agricultural and aquacultural waters and wastewaters. However, because this technology is still relatively new, design modifications, such as the addition of a post-bioreactor polishing chamber filled with inert media, may offer potential to increase nitrate removal and mitigate unintended bioreactor by-products. Paired-column configurations filled with woodchips followed by plastic biofilm carrier media showed significant nitrate removal within the woodchip bioreactor columns (37, 26, and 88% nitrate removal efficiencies at woodchip column retention times of 7.1, 18, and 52 h), but no significant additional nitrate removal benefit of the post-processing plastic media chamber (41, 22, and 89% nitrate removal efficiencies, respectively). Releases of chemical oxygen demand from the woodchips were likely not sufficient to fuel significant nitrate removal in the polishing chamber. However, the polishing chamber significantly reduced nitrite releases from the bioreactor columns, and provided some mitigation of reduced sulfate during the 52-h retention time testing period (influent, woodchip effluent, and plastic chamber effluent sulfate concentrations of 23.6, 18.8, and 20.7 mg SO₄²⁻ L⁻¹, respectively). A full-scale post-woodchip polishing chamber filled with inert plastic media generally may not be worth the added cost unless the receiving waters are particularly sensitive to nitrite or hydrogen sulfide.     

Therapeutic Potential of Hemoglobin Derived from the Marine Worm Arenicola marina (M101): A Literature Review of a Breakthrough Innovation

Oxygen (O₂) is indispensable for aerobic respiration and cellular metabolism. In case of injury, reactive oxygen species are produced, causing oxidative stress, which triggers cell damaging chemical mediators leading to ischemic reperfusion injuries (IRI). Sufficient tissue oxygenation is necessary for optimal wound healing. In this context, several hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers have been developed and tested, especially as graft preservatives for transplant procedures. However, most of the commercially available O₂ carriers increase oxidative stress and show some adverse effects. Interestingly, the hemoglobin derived from the marine lugworm Arenicola marina (M101) has been presented as an efficient therapeutic O₂ carrier with potential anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it has demonstrated promise as a supplement to conventional organ preservatives by reducing IRI. This review summarizes the properties and various applications of M101. M101 is an innovative oxygen carrier with several beneficial therapeutic properties, and further research must be carried out to determine its efficacy in the management of different pathologies.     

载体对牛粪厌氧消化性能及微生物附着的影响

在30℃条件下,采用两步流动发酵方法,观察尼龙纤维、玻璃纤维和聚丙烯网状球形载体对牛粪厌氧发酵pH值、沼气产量和载体表面微生物附着的影响。实验结果表明,随着牛粪浓度的增加,pH值有增加的趋势。反应器的沼气产量明显随着牛粪浓度的增加而提高,当牛粪浓度由5％提高到7％时,沼气产量提高12．5％,而牛粪浓度提高到10％时,沼气产量提高33．3％。在7％牛粪流动发酵期间和10％牛粪流动前期,添加尼龙纤维和玻璃纤维载体可显著提高沼气产量。扫描电镜照片显示,不同载体表面附着的微生物种类和数量不同,尼龙纤维表面附着的微生物种类和数量高于玻璃纤维和聚丙烯球形载体。     

挥发性风味物质在碳水化合物中释放与保留的研究进展

风味的优劣逐渐成为食品能否得到消费者青睐的重要参考指标。碳水化合物作为食品主要营养成分之一,已被发现其对食品中挥发性风味化合物的保留与释放会产生显著的影响。本文综述了碳水化合物与风味化合物的作用方式,并分别从碳水化合物、风味化合物2种角度对挥发性风味物质在碳水化合物基质中释放与保留的影响因素进行了阐述,以期为风味物质在碳水化合物基质中的可控释放提供科学依据和参考。     

出版科学体系和基本原理的研究（I）

通过对出版活动的深入研究，作者首次发现了出版活动中贯穿始终的文化载体，以文化载体论为核心确立了出版科学在现代科学体系的独立地位。提出了出版科学的四个层次：即出版哲学、出版学、出版技术科学和出版技术，阐述了文化载体的结构与功能、历史演化和运行规律。