喀斯特森林近地表层覆盖对碳酸盐岩红土蒸发过程的影响

蒸发是西南喀斯特地区薄层土壤水分损失的主要途径,浅层土壤水分的存蓄对喀斯特地区农业生产和生态恢复至关重要。以西南喀斯特森林碳酸盐岩红土为研究对象,基于室内蒸渗试验设置4个苔藓生物量(0,0.32,0.64,0.95 kg/m~2)和3个松针生物量(0,0.32,0.64 kg/m~2)共12种处理,分析森林近地表层覆盖对碳酸盐岩红土蒸发过程及表层温度时空分布的影响规律,并对比3种蒸发模型(Black、Rose、空气动力学蒸发模型)在喀斯特森林碳酸盐岩红土的适用性。结果表明:苔藓和松针覆盖显著降低累积蒸发量和蒸发速率(P0.05),接种苔藓0.95 kg/m~2和覆盖松针0.64 kg/m~2处理比裸土累积蒸发量小36.9%;苔藓和松针导致土壤含水量显著增加(P0.05);苔藓和松针增加了表层土壤的平均温度,松针对土壤温度的提升作用强于苔藓;Black、Rose和空气动力学模型均能较好地模拟碳酸盐岩红土蒸发过程,Black蒸发模型的拟合精度高于Rose和空气动力学蒸发模型。研究结果能为西南喀斯特地区的水量平衡分析提供理论支撑并加强对喀斯特森林地表水文过程的认知。     

Soil carbon increases with long-term cattle stocking in northern temperate grasslands

Grassland management aimed at enhancing carbon (C) in soil is an important tool in mitigation of rising atmospheric CO₂, yet little is known of how grassland soil C changes with livestock stocking rate (SR). We relate soil organic and inorganic C mass (t ha⁻¹ to 60 cm depth) with cattle stocking over periods of 7–27 year for 32 paddocks distributed across nine community pastures in the mixed-grass prairie of Saskatchewan, Canada. Initial analysis comparing Akaike information criterion models showed that cattle SR explained a greater proportion of variance in soil C, particularly soil organic C, than rainfall. Soil organic C mass increased with cattle SR (R² = .293; p = .001), even when the latter was normalized to account for differences in vegetation composition and growing conditions among pastures. Normalized SR varied from 0.49 to 2.30 times recommended levels, over which SOC increased from 24.7 to 57.4 t ha⁻¹. Increases in soil organic C under greater stocking coincided with increased abundance of introduced vegetation, particularly the rhizomatous grass Poa pratensis. Inorganic soil C accounted for 34.6% of total soil C, being particularly large below 30 cm soil depth, but did not vary with stocking rate. These findings indicate that both organic and inorganic C are important pools of C in northern temperate grassland soils, with soil organic C positively associated with long-term cattle SR. Further studies are recommended to understand more fully the mechanisms regulating grazing impacts on soil C mass in northern temperate grasslands.     

接种根瘤菌对西南地区大豆光合性能和固氮能力的影响

为探讨接种根瘤菌对西南地区大豆固氮能力的有效性，在大田试验条件下，以根瘤菌株 Bradyrhizobium japonicum5038和B. japonicum 5136侵染南黑豆20和南夏豆25，比较两个大豆品种接种后植株的光合特性和叶绿素 含量，考察根瘤数量并测定分析其蔗糖含量、豆血红蛋白含量和固氮酶活性。结果表明：接种后两大豆品种叶片 chla/b值显著下降，叶绿素含量、净光合速率和气孔导度显著增加；根瘤数、单株瘤重、植株地上部和地下部生物量 均显著增加，单个瘤重和根冠比则无显著变化；根瘤内蔗糖含量和豆血红蛋白含量均显著增加，固氮酶活性提高。 不同大豆品种对不同菌株的响应不同，南夏豆25与根瘤菌B.japonicum5136的适配性最好，接种后大豆光合性能和 固氮能力的改善效果明显优于南黑豆20。     

杨梅结瘤固氮特性研究*

研究４种土壤盆栽杨梅生长及结瘤固氮特性表明：花坛土有利于杨梅的生长和结瘤固氮，其生长量、结瘤量及根瘤固氮活性分别为３１．６８７ｇ／株、１．７８９ｇ／株和３．４２０μｍｏｌＣ２Ｎ４／（ｇ鲜瘤·ｈ）；红壤十砂（２：１混合）次之，在这种土壤上栽植的杨梅，其生长量略低于花坛土，结瘤量及根瘤固氮活性接近于花坛土；砂十花坛土（１０：１混合）居第三；红壤最差，仅为８。３２２ｇ／株、０．３３３ｇ／株和１．３１５μｍｏｌＣ２Ｈ４／（ｇ鲜瘤·ｈ）。红壤施用石灰（１５ｇ／盆）土壤ｐＨ为５．４～６．０时杨梅的生长量、结瘤量及根瘤固氮活性最高，分别为１８．５２４ｇ／株、１．１８２ｇ／株和２．５２４μｍｏｌＣ２Ｈ４／（ｇ鲜瘤·ｈ）；充足的水分有利于杨梅的生长和结瘤固氮，外套水盆以底部持续供水且底部渍水时杨梅的结瘤量、生长量和根瘤固氮活性均有提高，前者提高幅度较大，达３．５１９ｇ／株。杨梅根瘤固氮活性的季节动态和日变化是：一年中有两个活性高峰，分别在６～７月份和１０月份，１月份的固氮活性最低。一日中根瘤固氮活性以中午和夜间１２时最高。     

Condensation reactions of phenolic resins V: cure-acceleration effects of propylene carbonate

Propylene carbonate (PC) is known as one of the cure accelerators for alkaline phenol–formaldehyde resins. To elucidate the cure-acceleration mechanisms, the effects of PC on the condensation reactions of monomeric hydroxymethylphenols (HMPs) were investigated and compared with those of PC hydrolysate, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and ethyl formate. Immediately after the reaction started, PC, decomposing itself simultaneously, accelerated the formation of the ortho-para methylene-bonded dimer of 2,4,6-trihydroxymethylphenol. This effect of PC was very similar to that of ethyl formate. To the contrary, PC hydrolysate accelerated the formation of the para-para methylene-bonded dimer throughout the course of the reaction. This effect of PC hydrolysate was identical to that of NaHCO₃. These results indicate that PC increases the reactivity of the ortho-hydroxymethyl group, presumably through transesterification. On the other hand, NaHCO₃ is formed by the hydrolysis of PC or decomposition of the transesterified HMPs and it increases the reactivity of the para-hydroxymethyl group.     

Chemical analysis of the product in acid-catalyzed solvolysis of cellulose using polyethylene glycol and ethylene carbonate

Degradation and decomposition of cellulose were studied in an acid-catalyzed solvolysis treatment of biomass using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ethylene carbonate (EC). The solvolysis reaction was followed by a typical reaction system of wood liquefaction that uses sulfuric acid catalyst at 140° or 150°C at atmospheric pressure. The methods of fractionation and chemical analysis of the degraded cellulose in the solvolyzed product are discussed. The solvolyzed product was separated into several fractions, and they were hydrolyzed to release glucose and levulinic acid to determine the quantity of glucosides and levulinates in the solvolysis product. The data clearly showed that the solvolysis reaction had the same mechanism when using PEG or EC. Degradation of cellulose leads to the formation of glucosides, which then decompose, resulting in a levulinic acid structure, and producing a water-insoluble fraction. The conversion rates of both glucosides and levulinates strongly depend on the reaction conditions of the solvolysis. In particular, EC promotes faster conversion of the reactions. The method discussed here is a chemical analytical technique for characterization of the products of wood liquefaction.     

大豆GmNRT1.2a和GmNRT1.2b基因的克隆及功能探究

拟南芥中硝酸盐的吸收、转运和分配是通过硝酸盐转运蛋白(nitrate transporter, NRT)实现的。尽管之前的生物信息学分析推测大豆GmNRT1.2s可能参与共生固氮过程,但尚未开展相应的功能研究。本研究通过对其表达模式分析収现,GmNRT1.2a和GmNRT1.2b分别在根和叶中高表达,且受硝酸盐诱导,在接种根瘤菌与结瘤因子(nodfactors,NFs)后表达量明显升高。功能研究结果显示,过表达GmNRT1.2a或GmNRT1.2b后大豆根瘤数目显著增加。本研究为深入探究GmNRT1.2a和GmNRT1.2b调控大豆共生固氮过程的分子机制提供了一定的数据支持。     

Non‐spherical pearl layers in the Polynesian ‘black‐lipped’ Pinctada margaritifera: The non‐nacreous deposits compared to microstructure of the shell growing edge

Cultivated pearls frequently exhibit morphological irregularities making obvious that mineral deposition was irregularly distributed onto nucleus surface. Taking advantage of experimental cultivations with short durations (from 10 days to few months), these irregular deposits predating occurrence of the nacre were investigated in Polynesian pearls by biochemical characterizations and a series of physical methods. Diversity in the resulting data suggests that various in‐depth alterations of the biomineralization mechanism may have occurred during the grafting process, leading to diversity in the biochemical pathways to nacreous deposition. This allows a precise discussion of current views about pearl formation. The “reversed shell theory” is formally disproved through point to point comparison with development of the shell growing edge. Similarity of pearl formation with “regeneration” or “shell repair” is also discussed, emphasizing the differences between these concepts.     

Na2CO3胁迫对非洲凤仙种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用室内水培试验,以不同浓度(10,20,30,40,50,60,70 mmol/L)的Na2CO3对非洲凤仙种子和幼苗进行胁迫处理,测定其种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势和叶绿素含量等指标.结果表明:各项指标与Na2CO3胁迫浓度呈明显负相关.当Na2CO3浓度达到50 mmol/L时,发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势显著下降,说明高浓度Na2CO3溶液对种子的萌发具有强烈的抑制作用.Na2CO3胁迫使叶绿素含量显著降低,严重影响幼苗的光合能力,抑制幼苗的正常生长.