The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.     

有效碳数法研究及其在农药气相色谱分析中的应用

有机化合物结构与其所含有的有效碳数有一定的关系，本文给出了２０类结构化合物及其所含有有效碳数的关系，并对理论计算值和实测值进行了比较，结果十分接近，利用有效碳数法可以设计农药分析实验方案和无标样的情况下测定农药杂质含量。     

甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量利用与碳足迹研究

【目的】探明甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量投入和碳足迹构成,识别主要的碳排放贡献因子,为温室葡萄清洁生产提供依据。【方法】以甘肃温室葡萄为研究对象,将温室葡萄栽培区分为兰州市永登县及武威市凉州区、古浪县、天祝县华藏寺镇和天祝县哈溪镇5个不同海拔区域,通过农户调查获得2019年葡萄生产数据,核算温室葡萄生产各环节的能量输入、能量输出和碳排放,对比分析不同海拔区域温室葡萄生产的能量利用效率、能量生产率、净能量、比能和碳足迹。【结果】甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量输入为273 862～434 421 MJ/hm²,能量输出为170 723～327 962 MJ/hm²,葡萄产量为14 460～27 793 kg/hm²,属于高投入高产出型。甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量利用效率为0.45～1.13,能量生产率为0.038～0.096 kg/MJ,净能量为-263 798～2 496 MJ/hm²,比能为13.51～44.85 MJ/kg;直接能量投入和可再生能量投入占比低,间接能量投入和不可再生能量投入占比高。单位面积碳足迹和单位产量碳足迹分别为32 959～55 075 kg/hm²和1.59～5.70 kg/kg,碳足迹很大程度上来源于氮肥的投入,其占比达45.5%～62.4%。不同区域相比,天祝县哈溪镇温室葡萄生产的能量输入低,能量输出和产量较高,能量利用效率和能量生产率也较高,净能量最大且为正值,比能最小,单位面积碳足迹和单位产量碳足迹均最小;天祝县华藏寺镇能量利用指标最差,碳足迹最大。【结论】甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量利用效率较低,碳足迹较高,能量利用效率的提高和碳足迹的降低空间均较大。因此应采取降低氮肥使用量、优化氮肥与有机肥配比等科学合理的管理措施,提高甘肃温室葡萄生产的能量利用效率,降低碳足迹,改善其环境效应。     

氮沉降对城市森林凋落物养分元素含量及其耦合性的影响

目前,氮沉降增加呈现全球化趋势,影响森林生态系统生物地球化学循环过程,已成为生态和环境研究的热点内容之一。为探讨氮沉降增加对城市森林凋落物养分含量的影响,进一步认识城市森林养分循环过程,为区域城市化进程的生态风险评估提供科学依据,本研究以安徽省合肥市蜀山国家森林公园凋落物为研究对象,在连续3年模拟氮沉降实验后（氮添加设置3种水平,分别为对照组：0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、CK;低氮：50 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、LN;高氮：100 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、HN）,研究氮沉降对城市森林凋落物（枝叶果碎）养分元素含量及其耦合性的影响。结果表明：（1）不同施氮水平下,凋落果内CK与HN中C元素含量,凋落叶中CK与LN、碎中LN与HN两组中N元素含量差异显著（P＜0.05）。（2）凋落物不同组分间,N沉降显著影响Ca元素含量（P＜0.05）,对C元素含量无显著影响;凋落枝组分间K含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,凋落叶与其他各组间N含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,凋落果与其他各组间P含量差异显著（P＜0.05）;凋落叶与凋落果间Mg元素差异显著。（3）N沉降对各组分间的C/N、C/P、N/P等生态化学计量比无显著性影响,但对凋落叶、凋落果中C/N值有显著抑制作用（P＜0.05）。（4）N沉降显著影响C、N间相关性及Ca、Mg间相关性,且均表现为LN显著增强相关性,HN显著抑制相关性;N沉降显著增强了P、K间的相关性,而显著降低了K与Ca、Mg的相关性。（5）N沉降对C/N与N/P、C/P与N/P间的耦合性有显著影响,且均表现为LN显著增强生态化学计量比间的耦合性,HN显著降低二者耦合性。研究结果为城市森林凋落物养分循环过程对N 沉降的响应提供了理论依据。     

单壁碳纳米管载嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白亚单位疫苗的研制及免疫效果评价

为了筛选细菌的疫苗候选蛋白,本实验根据课题组前期的研究,挑选了2个嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白(A0KLQ6和A0KH89),以A0KHR9(OmpAII)为对照,通过比较外膜蛋白与碳纳米管载外膜蛋白通过腹腔注射与浸泡免疫模式,比较和评价斑马鱼的免疫反应与免疫保护效果。结果显示,腹腔注射组和浸泡组与普通蛋白组对比,碳纳米管载蛋白能够显著提高斑马鱼免疫相关基因表达量。腹腔注射组在5μg剂量下免疫A0KHR9、A0KLQ6和A0KH89蛋白分别获得61.60%、 65.39%和84.96%相对免疫保护率(relative immune protection rate,RPS),在5μg剂量下免疫碳纳米管载蛋白SWCNTs-A0KHR9、SWCNTsA0KLQ6和SWCNTs-A0KH89分别获得68.10%、77.50%和90.43%的RPSs。浸泡组在40 mg/L剂量下免疫A0KHR9、A0KLQ6和A0KH89蛋白分别获得30.80%、25.85%和37.80%的RPSs,在40 mg/L最高剂量下免疫碳纳米管载蛋白疫苗SWCNTs-A0KHR9、SWCNTsA0KLQ6和SWCNTs-A0...     

天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹扩张对林地土壤肥力的影响

为了解天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹扩张对林地土壤肥力的影响,在毛竹扩张水平方向上设置毛竹纯林、竹-针-阔混交林、针阔混交林3种林分样地,分别采集土壤,对其理化性质进行分析.结果表明,随着毛竹扩张,林地表层土壤水解氮含量明显提高,有效磷和速效钾含量显著降低,但对土壤pH值、全氮、全磷含量影响不大;土壤水溶性碳、微生物量碳、矿化态碳均随着毛竹的扩张,其含量不断增加,与针-阔混交林相比,分别增加了50.3%、36.5%和66.1%,且扩张的不同阶段均存在显著性差异;各活性有机碳占总有机碳的百分率也随着毛竹的扩张而增大.     

Identification,Characteristics and Function of Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in the Agar Biosynthesis and Carbon Flux in the Agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

Agar is widely applied across the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, owing to its various bioactive functions. To better understand the agar biosynthesis in commercial seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, the activities of four enzymes participating in the agar biosynthesis were detected, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was confirmed as highly correlated with agar accumulation. Three genes of PGM (GlPGM1, GlPGM2 and GlPGM3) were identified from the G. lemaneiformis genome. The subcellular localization analysis validated that GlPGM1 was located in the chloroplast and GlPGM3 was not significantly distributed in the organelles. Both the GlPGM1 and GlPGM3 protein levels showed a remarkable consistency with the agar variations, and GlPGM3 may participate in the carbon flux between (iso)floridoside, floridean starch and agar synthesis. After treatment with the PGM inhibitor, the agar and floridean starch contents and the activities of floridean starch synthase were significantly decreased; products identified in the Calvin cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were depressed; however, lipids, phenolic acids and the intermediate metabolites, fructose-1,6-phosphate were upregulated. These findings reveal the essential role of PGM in regulating the carbon flux between agar and other carbohydrates in G. lemaneiformis, providing a guide for the artificial regulation of agar accumulation.     

近20年新疆农田生态系统碳足迹时空变化

利用1994—2013年新疆农田生产投入和农作物产量等数据,采用碳排放系数法估算了新疆农田生态系统的碳排放量、碳吸收量及碳足迹的变化动态以及在各县市的空间分布特征。结果表明:新疆农田生态系统的碳排量从1994年的179.46万t增长到2013年的474.15万t;不同年份农业碳排放均主要源于化肥使用量的增加和不科学的灌溉方式,其最大贡献率分别为40.02%和41.56%;农田生态系统的碳吸收量20年间增加了2185.04万t,棉花对新疆农田生态系统的碳吸收量贡献最大,多年平均贡献率达47%;新疆农田生态系统的碳排放量、碳吸收量区域主要集中在南疆的县市并呈现出沿天山对称的趋势;1994—2013年,农田生态系统碳足迹呈现快速增长态势,从1994年的2 732.63×104C·hm-2·a-1增加至2013年的4 474.89×104C·hm-2·a-1,碳足迹增加了283.59×104C·hm-2·a-1,表明新疆农田生态系统存在碳生态盈余的现象,种植结构生态效益指数大于1的年份为11个,种植结构的调整迫在眉睫。     

基于DNDC模型模拟的冬小麦田土壤有机碳和作物产量对地表覆盖的响应

依托前期长期定位试验,基于DNDC过程模型,对秸秆和地膜覆盖条件下冬小麦田土壤有机碳和小麦产量的长期变化规律进行了模拟研究.结果表明,DNDC模拟的有机碳含量和冬小麦产量变化与田间观测结果较一致,能较理想地模拟两种覆盖措施对土壤有机碳和作物产量的长期影响.模拟结果显示,在50 a时间尺度上,不覆盖与地膜覆盖处理下0～5...