水分胁迫对花生不同器官非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响

为探讨不同生育时期水分胁迫对花生不同器官非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)“库—源—流”间的变化动态,以‘花育20号’和‘花育27号’花生品种为试材,采用控制条件下的防雨棚池栽方法,研究了花生生长发育过程中不同生育时期水分胁迫下,非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)在花生叶片、茎、根和荚果等器官中的动态变化。结果表明,全生育期干旱胁迫使花生叶片、茎和根中可溶性总糖含量和淀粉均明显升高,但荚果中可溶性糖含量却明显降低。无论何生育时期受到干旱胁迫均使得叶片中可溶性糖含量峰值提前15天左右出现,“源”物质输出提前但输出量降低,叶片提前衰老。生育前期干旱胁迫使滞留在荚果中的NSC含量增加,结荚期后干旱胁迫反而利于荚果中NSC的转化。全生育期水分适宜处理叶片中NSC含量相对较低且变化较小。由此表明,干旱胁迫降低了NSC由源至库的运输和转化,使荚果“库”容量降低。     

不同碳水化合物源对饲料油菜青贮品质的影响

为油菜多功能开发利用、促进种养结合，以饲料油菜华油杂62为材料，添加不同来源碳水化合物进行青 贮比较试验，研究高水分饲料油菜青贮技术。试验分为5组，分别将20%的各碳水化合物原料（麸皮、玉米粉、米糠、 玉米淀粉）与高水分饲料油菜混合青贮，青贮45 d后进行感官评定并测定营养成分、pH、有机酸含量等。结果表明， 添加各碳水化合物原料均可以显著降低油菜的含水量至70%以下。油菜添加上述碳水化合物青贮后，可改善青贮 感官品质，显著提高乳酸含量，降低pH；其中，玉米粉与油菜混合青贮后因感官评分高、乳酸含量最高且氨态氮含量 最低，被认为效果最佳。     

Optimal dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios for silvery‐black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

Four isonitrogenous diets containing different carbohydrate:lipid (CHO:L) ratios (0.3, 0.6, 1.1 and 1.8) were tested in triplicate groups (16 fish per replicate) of silvery‐black porgy juveniles for 8 weeks. Growth performance was not affected by different dietary CHO:L ratios (P > 0.05); however, the viscerosomatic index, the intraperitoneal fat, whole‐body lipid, energy and n‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids levels increased with decreasing dietary CHO:L ratios (P < 0.05). Fish fed with 1.8 CHO:L diet had the lowest apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and lipid, as well as the lowest plasma haemolytic and lysozyme activities (P < 0.05). Red blood cell counts and plasma glucose levels were higher in fish fed with 1.1 and 1.8 CHO:L ratio diets than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Plasma alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as the level of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity in the liver and plasma increased as dietary CHO:L ratios decreased (P < 0.05). The results of the current study indicated that the diets with CHO:L ratios between 0.6 and 1.1 are optimal for silvery‐black porgy, whereas higher ratios may result in hyperglycaemia and immune suppression, and lower CHO:L ratios may lead to oxidative stress and liver dysfunction.     

Effects of biofloc under different carbon sources and protein levels on water quality,growth performance and immune responses in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1978)

A 75‐day 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two levels of dietary protein (32 and 40%) and two different carbon sources (rice flour–R and molasses‐M), and without carbohydrate (control–C) in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon juveniles (3.37 ± 0.04 g) at 100 nos. m^?3 in 100 L fibre reinforced plastic tanks. Biofloc volume and total suspended solid were higher in molasses added groups (32 + M and 40 + M) followed by rice flour (32 + R and 40 + R) and controls (32C and 40C). Molasses and rice flour addition significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the total ammonia–N compared to controls. The highest Vibrio, Bacillus and Lactobacillus counts were recorded in 40 + M, 32 + M and 32 + R respectively. Among the treatments, significantly higher (P < 0.01) final body weight was recorded in 40 + R (8.5 ± 0.3 g), 40 + M (7.8 ± 0.3 g) and 32 + R (7.5 ± 0.4 g) compared to control groups, 32C (6.1 ± 0.3 g), 40C (6.4 ± 0.3 g) and molasses added group, 32 + M (5.7 ± 0.4 g). Rice flour supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.01) the total haemocyte count (×10⁶ cells mL^?1) in 32 + R (45.7 ± 3.7) and 40 + R (44.3 ± 3.1) compared to controls, 32C (27.3 ± 3.4) and 40C (25.8 ± 0.9). Similarly, higher superoxide dismutase, catalase, serum protein and glucose were recorded in the rice flour added groups, 40 + R followed by 32 + R. Among the treatments, the highest level of prophenoloxidase (OD 490 nm, 0.3 ± 0.0) and survival after challenge with Vibrio harveyi (55.6%) was observed in 32 + R. The study elucidates that rice flour addition produces optimum level of biofloc with better growth and immune responses compared to molasses and control. Furthermore, rice flour addition at 32% protein level could replace 40% protein feed.     

鸡粪的施用对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响,本试验以薄皮甜瓜DX108为试验材料,以尿素为氮源的处理为对照(CK),研究了相同施氮量条件下,鸡粪与尿素配施(A)以及鸡粪(B)对甜瓜果实葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的影响,分析了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS,蔗糖合成与分解方向)、酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性。结果表明,与CK相比,B、A明显促进了果实中果糖、蔗糖及葡萄糖积累,尤其是显著增加了成熟果实中这3种糖的含量。相关性分析表明,CK的甜瓜果实蔗糖积累与AI活性呈显著负相关,葡萄糖与SPS和SS(蔗糖合成酶)合成方向酶活性呈显著正相关;A和B果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖积累(除B中葡萄糖积累)与SPS、NI活性呈显著或极显著正相关,与SS分解方向酶活性呈极显著负相关,而A果实中葡萄糖积累与SPS和NI活性呈极显著正相关。综上所述,A和B提高了果实中SPS、NI活性,降低了SS分解方向酶活性,进而促进了糖的积累。本研究结果为有机肥替代化学氮肥在甜瓜生产上的应用提供了理论依据。     

水稻灌浆期穗颈瘟发生对产量及茎节代谢产物的影响

【目的】检测自然条件下稻瘟病感病品种茎节的代谢产物,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种感病和产量降低的原因,为粳稻品种感病机理研究和生态防控提供理论依据。【方法】以稻瘟病感病品种辽星1号和粳型恢复系C418为材料,灌浆期调查穗颈瘟发病率,同时采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）非靶向代谢组学方法检测感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物,利用主成分分析（PCA）感病茎节与正常茎节之间代谢物组成,利用偏最小二乘法判别分析（PLS-DA）的变量权重值（VIP>1.0）进行两者之间差异代谢产物种类的筛选,比较两者糖类物质和氨基酸类物质的差异,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种产量降低的原因。成熟期进行结实率、千粒重、粒长、糙米率等产量和品质性状测定。【结果】辽星1号和C418穗颈瘟发病率分别为57.23%和82.94%。穗颈瘟显著降低一次枝梗整精米率、二次枝梗的结实率、千粒重、长宽比和整精米率,其他性状无显著差异。辽星1号和C418的茎节GC-MS检测均定性到358种代谢产物,感病茎节上调了73.46%和67.88%的代谢产物。PCA和PLS-DA分析可以将感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物清楚分开,辽星1号和C418的感病茎节和正常茎节之间具有明显不同的代谢产物表型,与正常茎节相比,辽星1号感病茎节诱导61种代谢产物相对含量显著变化,C418感病茎节诱导47种代谢产物相对含量显著变化,两个品种共有显著变化的代谢产物30种。其中,次生代谢产物香草酸、α-生育酚、脱氢抗坏血酸、三十烷醇、大豆苷元和N-乙酰-d-甘露糖胺的相对含量显著下调,辽星1号分别下调了87.03%、96.29%、77.95%、74.56%、86.48%和82.68%,C418分别下调了99.92%、99.68%、97.26%、86.67%、94.96%和76.74%。正常茎节中辽星1号这6种次生代谢产物的相对含量分别是C418的2.64、2.39、2.39、2.27、3.09和2.56倍;感病茎节上调了63.33%的糖类物质和68.42%的氨基酸类物质,糖类物质上调了1.02—17.92倍,氨基酸类物质上调了1.05—13.12倍,其中C418糖类物质上调的幅度更大。【结论】穗颈瘟发生显著改变了感病品种辽星1号和C418的茎节代谢产物组成,感病品种可能通过香草酸、α-生育酚、脱氢抗坏血酸、三十烷醇、大豆苷元和N-乙酰-d-甘露糖胺相对含量的变化调控茎节对稻瘟病的防御反应。感病茎节通过积累大量的糖类物质和氨基酸类物质,降低其向籽粒转运,抑制了产量形成。     

依据显微结构及光合特性探讨蝴蝶兰花芽分化的时期

以蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’为试验材料，对花芽分化进程及期间光合特性和碳水化合物、可溶性蛋白及激素含量的变化进行研究。结果表明：花芽长度为0、2、4、8、16和24 cm时，分别处于花芽分化初始期、花序原基分化期、花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期和花瓣原基分化期（16和24 cm）。蝴蝶兰叶片的净CO2吸收速率在花芽发育前期（0 ~ 4 cm）没有显著变化，花芽8 cm时显著降低。花芽中的碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白的含量显著高于叶片，碳水化合物在花芽长度为4 cm时达到稳定水平，可溶性蛋白含量在花芽8 cm时达到叶片与花芽的平衡；赤霉素（GA）的含量在花芽2 cm时达到最大值，生长素（IAA）含量在花芽4 cm时显著升高，玉米素（ZT）含量在花芽8 cm时显著降低，而ABA含量在花芽发育的过程中并没有显著变化。由此可知，当蝴蝶兰花芽开始分化萼片原基（8 cm）时，光合生理及生化物质基本达到一个相对稳定的水平，此阶段的蝴蝶兰花芽已彻底完成成花分化。     

Increasing pre‐acclimation temperature reduces the freezing tolerance of winter‐type faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Autumn‐sown winter‐type faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has been shown to have a yield advantage over spring sowing. Still, adoption of this overwintered pulse crop remains limited in temperate locations, due to inadequate winter hardiness. This research sought to understand how the prevailing temperature during emergence and seedling development, that is pre‐acclimation, influences freezing tolerance. Seedlings grown under a controlled “warm” 17/12°C (day/night) pre‐acclimation environment were initially less freezing tolerant than those grown under a “cold” 12/5°C temperature treatment. Stem and particularly root tissues were primarily responsible for slower cold acclimation, and there was a genotype specific response of above‐ground tissues to pre‐acclimation treatment. Both above and below‐ground tissues should be tested across a range of pre‐acclimation temperatures when screening faba bean germplasm for freezing tolerance.     

Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Concentrations of Repeatedly Defoliated Red and White Clovers in Central Kentucky

Nonstructural carbohydrates of pasture plants, comprising water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch, may contribute to excessive consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates by grazing horses. Seasonal and diurnal variation in WSCs were studied in red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clovers (Trifolium repens L.) subjected to a typical management regime of rotationally grazed horse pastures. Two red and two white clover cultivars from monoculture plots were harvested after 4 weeks of growth from April to October of 2015, in the morning and afternoon of each harvest date. Water-soluble carbohydrates were quantified for each harvest, and starch was quantified for two harvests. Mean monthly WSC concentrations ranged from 80 to 99 mg/g (freeze-dried weight basis), whereas mean starch concentrations were 31 and 40 mg/g. In September, white clover had 14% more WSCs than red clover (P < .0001). Water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations were 10% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001). Starch concentrations were 290% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001), and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in the afternoon averaged 150 mg/g. Further studies are needed to determine whether the mixed grass-legume pastures of central Kentucky accumulate enough nonstructural carbohydrates to present risk factors for equine metabolic or digestive dysfunction.     

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.