基于投入产出方法的食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈研究

为了解决传统食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型演化稳定性差的问题,提出基于投入产出方法的食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型。依据食用菌产业实际情况,界定食用菌产业生态补偿利益相关者,引入投入产出方法,以此为基础,构建食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型。以模型为工具,计算模型平衡点,并演化博弈食用菌产业生态补偿情况。仿真试验结果表明:与传统演化博弈模型相比,构建的食用菌产业生态补偿演化博弈模型极大的提升了演化稳定性,表现出了良好的演化博弈性能。     

Two-decadal trends in aboveground litterfall and net primary production in self-thinning Pinus banksiana stands in Wood Buffalo National Park,NWT, Canada

We estimated the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in five self-thinning jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands in Wood Buffalo National Park, NWT, Canada. The stands (11 to ca.175 years old) were selected to examine the relationship between stand density and tree size and its effect on carbon dynamics. Aboveground litterfall was collected from each stand from 1997 to 2012. Stand biomass was estimated by measuring tree size every 5 years and estimating the individual mass using allometric relationships. ANPP was then estimated by summing the litterfall mass, dead stem mass increment and stand biomass increment. We determined the proportional contribution of each organ to the total litter and the seasonal pattern of needle litterfall. There was a lower turnover rate of aboveground biomass in older stands than younger stands. The ANPP increased in the youngest stand (<30 years old) showed a decreasing trend in stands >50 years old. The maximum ANPP was estimated to be ca. 500?g m^?2 year^?1 in dry matter, which was found in 30–50 year-old stands.     

pH值和碳氮比对微生物燃料电池脱氮除磷效果的影响

【目的】探究pH值和碳氮比对微生物燃料电池脱氮除磷的影响,找出适宜pH值的和碳氮比。【方法】采用单室微生物燃料电池装置,设置不同的阳极液的pH值(W1=5、W2=6、W3=7、W4=8、W5=9);选取pH值=7,设置不同的碳氮比(N1=1∶1、N2=2∶1、N3=4∶1、N4=8∶1、N5=16∶1),共10个处理,测量2个反应周期内输出电压值、COD、氨态氮、硝态氮、总氮和总磷的变化。【结果】在其他条件相同的情况下,只改变阳极液的pH值,输出电压随pH值增大先增大后减小;pH值为8时产电性能最佳,最大电压为204.74 mV;COD、氨态氮、硝态氮、总氮随pH值增大呈先降低后增大的趋势,在pH值为8时,其去除效率最高,分别为74%、38%、93%和58%;在pH值为9时,总磷的去除效率最优为24%。只改变碳氮比时,当碳氮比为4时电压最大,为158.33 mV;COD、氨态氮、硝态氮、总磷的去除率随碳氮比增大先增大后减小,当碳氮比为4时,COD的降解率最大为65%;当碳氮比为2时,氨态氮的降解效率最好为35%;当碳氮比为8时,硝态氮和总磷的去除效率最高,分别为96%和16%;总氮的去除效率随碳氮比的增大而提高,当碳氮比为16时,总氮的去除效率最高,为59%。【结论】碳氮比为4∶1、pH值为8时可以取得较好的脱氮除磷效果。     

Tree-ring response of Larix chinensis on regional climate and sea-surface temperature variations in alpine timberline in the Qinling Mountains

Tree-ring width chronologies of Larix chinensis were developed from the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province,and climatic factors affecting the tree-ring widths of L.chinensis were examined.Correlation analysis showed that similar correlations between tree-ring width chronologies and climatic factors demonstrated that radial growth responded to climate change on both slopes.The radial growth of L.chinensis was mainly limited by temperature,especially the growing season.In contrast,both chronologies were negatively correlated with precipitation in May of the previous year and April of the current year.Spatial climate-correlation analyses with gridded land-surface climate data revealed that our tree-ring width chronologies contained a strong regional temperature signal over much of northcentral and eastern China.Spatial correlation with seasurface temperature fields highlights the influence of the Pacific Ocean,Indian Ocean,and North Atlantic Ocean.Wavelet coherence analysis indicated the existence of some decadal and interannual cycles in the two tree-ring width chronologies.This may suggest the influences of El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation and solar activity on tree growth in the Qinling Mountains.These findings will help us understand the growth response of L.chinensis to climate change in the Qinling region,and they provide critical information for future climate reconstructions based on this species in semi-humid regions.     

冠心病血瘀证与血液检验相关指标分析

目的 探讨冠心病血瘀证与血液相关检验指标的关系。方法 选择175例冠心病患者，其中血瘀证组112例，非血瘀证组63例。研究对象均在住院次日清晨平躺测量血压，空腹状态下抽取静脉血液留置标本，检测血常规和血脂、血糖、肾功能等生化指标，记录患者吸烟史。比较两组患者指标的差异性。结果 血瘀证组患者的血常规中红细胞分布宽度-CV值（Rdw-cv）、红细胞分布宽度-SD值（Rdw-sd）、血小板分布宽度（Pdw）、血小板平均体积（Mpv）、血小板比积（Pct）、大型血小板比率（P-lct）均明显高于非血瘀证组（P<0.01，P<0.05）；血瘀证组患者载脂蛋白B（ApoB）、血脂总胆固醇（TC）均明显高于非血瘀证组（P<0.01，P<0.05）；血瘀证组中患者吸烟率明显高于非血瘀证组（P<0.05）。结论 冠心病血瘀证组患者Rdw-cv、Rdw-sd、Pdw、Mpv、Pct、P-lct、TC、ApoB及烟率均明显高于非血瘀证组，差异具有统计学意义，故以上指标可以作为冠心病血瘀证中医辨证分型的客观临床指标。     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

1949-2016年我国粮食主产区旱灾变化趋势分析

采用趋势线法、Mann-Kendall（M-K）趋势检验法及Mann-Kendall（M-K）突变检验法对1949-2016年我国粮食主产区旱灾变化趋势进行分析，以期为降低粮食主产区旱灾风险及灾害损失的措施制定提供理论依据。结果表明：1）除江苏省外，干旱发生率均高于60%，干旱受灾率和成灾率的变异系数均在50%以上。2）东北地区各省干旱受灾率和成灾率均呈现增加趋势且通过M-K趋势检验，增加趋势显著；长江流域的湖北和四川省干旱受灾率呈增加趋势，江西和湖南省干旱受灾率呈减少趋势，但均未通过M-K趋势检验，变化趋势不显著；上述长江流域四省干旱成灾率均呈增加趋势，但只有湖北和四川省通过M-K趋势检验，增加趋势显著；黄淮海地区除江苏省干旱受灾率呈微弱线性增加趋势外，其他各省干旱受灾率均呈减少趋势，但只有安徽省通过M-K趋势检验，表现出显著的减少趋势；黄淮海五省成灾率均呈增加趋势，但只有河北和江苏省通过M-K趋势检验，增加趋势显著。3）M-K突变检验结果表明，安徽省旱灾受灾率变化突变点为2002年，之后呈减少趋势；东北三省及内蒙古自治区干旱受灾率变化突变点分别为1977、1970、1983和1977年，之后干旱受灾率呈增加趋势；各省区干旱成灾率突变点如下：东北地区的黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省及内蒙古自治区分别为1988、1977、1981和1984年，黄淮海地区的河北和江苏省分别为1961和1978年，长江中下游地区的湖北和四川省分别为1986和1975年，各省区干旱成灾率在突变点之后均呈增加趋势。综上，粮食主产区干旱灾害发生率普遍较高且年际变化大，东北地区旱灾影响范围、规模以及致灾程度均呈显著增加趋势；黄淮海地区的河北和江苏省以及长江中下游地区的湖北和四川省虽然干旱影响范围和规模没有表现出显著的变化趋势，但是旱灾的致灾程度却表现出显著的增加趋势；干旱受灾率显著期普遍发生在2000年后；干旱成灾率增加趋势显著期普遍发生在20世纪90年代末-2010年前后。     

无机碳源对零价铁介导的自养脱氮序批式反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响

无机碳源作为自养微生物的能量来源,是影响自养脱氮细菌富集的重要因素。文章通过添加不同量的KHCO3作为ZVI介导的自养脱氮体系中无机碳源,研究反应体系的脱氮效果影响趋势以及适宜的无机碳源添加量。结果如下:1)KHCO3作为无机碳源可以显著提高NH^+4-N去除率,KHCO3添加量越多,其NH^+4-N去除率越高。KHCO3添加量分别为2 g,1 g,0.5 g的SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的NH^+4-N去除率分别为98.39%,65.18%,44.56%,相较不添加KHCO3的R0分别提高86.5%,53.29%,32.67%。ZVI的添加会降低KHCO3对NH^+4-N氧化的促进作用。2)KHCO3可明显提高TIN去除效果,促进总氮脱除的高低顺序是R1>R0.5>R2,SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的平均TIN去除率分别为19.01%,32.04%,27.62%,相较于空白组R0分别提高了10.60%,23.63%,19.21%。3)KHCO3可中和硝化反应产生的H^+,对反应体系具有缓冲作用,可使微生物处于较适宜的酸碱环境中,更有利于反应器的稳定运行。4)适量的无机碳源KHCO3可以促进氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性。该研究探讨了无机碳源在零价铁脱氮体系中的影响趋势,为铁型脱氮技术提供了理论支撑。     

苦瓜种子大小和单粒质量的遗传分析

以苦瓜自交系K7-359(P_1)和K7-422(P_2)分别作为母本和父本,通过杂交获得F_1,F_1自交获得F_2群体,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析苦瓜种子长度、宽度和单粒质量的遗传规律。结果表明,苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的遗传均符合加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型(C-0模型),多基因遗传率分别为84.91%和76.55%,说明对苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的选择宜在高世代进行;苦瓜种子宽度的遗传符合1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(D-0模型),主基因和多基因遗传率分别为79.30%和3.86%,主基因遗传效应主要以加性效应为主,说明对种子宽度的改良可以采用组合育种的策略,且适宜在早期世代进行选择。     

玉米秸秆循环流化床气化炉气化工艺参数优化

为实现秸秆类农业生物质废弃物的高效清洁能源化转化利用,采用带有二级返料系统的循环流化床气化炉对玉米秸秆进行了气化试验。在二级返料系统开启及闭合条件下,选取空气当量比为0.20～0.35,研究空气当量比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明二级返料系统开启及闭合两种工况均在空气当量比为0.26时取得较优值,二级返料系统开启时具有较好的气化效果,碳转化率与气化效率最大值分别达到93.54%与77.06%。在二级返料系统开启状态下,试验研究了水蒸气配比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明以空气为主气化介质,辅助以水蒸气气化,可以有效改善气化燃气品质,提升气化效率。当空气当量比为0.26、水蒸气配比为0.2时,玉米秸秆空气—水蒸气气化具有较好的气化特性,燃气热值与气化效率分别达到最大值5.89MJ/m3与81.45%。典型工况条件下的焦油蒸馏馏分分析结果表明,提高气化炉反应温度,并保持一定的水蒸气气化环境,可促进焦油裂解转化。试验可为秸秆类生物质的高效清洁转化利用提供参考依据。