市场化视角下农村宅基地有偿退出研究

政府主导下的宅基地有偿退出具有浓厚的计划经济色彩,在实践中或为追求建设用地指标而损害农民利益,或因忽视了土地市场规律而给地方财政带来巨大压力。基于四川、重庆、浙江、西藏、吉林等地的实地调研,从宅基地退出涉及的产权主体和实施主体角度归纳当前宅基地有偿退出的实践类型,分析不同主体情景下的成效与问题。结果表明,当前宅基地有偿退出实践有是否履行住房保障职能两种情景,根据政府介入方式和程度的不同又可细化为农民偶然退出、隐性市场行为、经济或社会导向型政府主导等类型,尽管实施主体和驱动力有所不同,但普遍存在退出主体不健全、退出客体权能残缺、政府主导下市场关系被忽略、退出机制不健全等问题。研究表明,政府完善基础性制度环境和宅基地制度安排、以市场机制进行资源配置更有助于宅基地有偿退出。因此,应健全农村宅基地产权制度相关的法律体系;明确界定宅基地所有权和使用权,完善土地登记制度和流转制度;完善集体经济组织法人治理结构,建立成员身份的进入和退出机制;制定市场规则,建立农村土地的市场化价格机制;构建城乡一体化的户籍、就业、社会保障等基础性制度。     

国家自然科学基金项目资助情况分析和管理探索——以中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所为例

文章以中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所"十三五"(2016-2019年)国家自然科学基金项目申报和资助情况为研究对象,分析了基金项目管理工作中人才类项目立项缺乏、申报书质量有待提高、形式审查工作不足等问题,总结出加强学科建设、人才引育并重、开展技能培训、构建激励机制等基金项目管理经验,并从项目培育、基金项目申报文化氛围营造、提高申报书质量、加强形式审查、设立专项预研培育基金等方面提出了加强基金项目管理工作的具体措施及建议,以期为国家自然科学基金项目管理提供有益借鉴。     

Investigating Iranian Farmers' Satisfaction With Agricultural Extension Programs Using the American Customer Satisfaction Index

The aim of this article is to investigate and measure farmers' satisfaction regarding extension services to better understand why farmers do or do not participate in such programs in Iran. Our study sample consisted of 240 farmers selected through simple quota random sampling (160 male and 80 female) from a list of names from the extension organization. Data were gathered through a face-to-face survey of farmers. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that perceived quality and perceived value significantly predicted farmers' overall satisfaction. Furthermore, farmer satisfaction can predict farmers' loyalty to extension program activities. From a practical point of view, the present study provides a justification for using perceived quality and perceived value in policy and decision making that seeks to encourage farmers to use agricultural extension programs (AEPs).     

林业干部教育培训项目质量评估指标体系构建初探

林业干部教育培训项目质量评估是衡量林业干部教育培训项目的重要依据,既可以客观评价培训过程,更有利于改善培训项目,尤其对今后培训工作的开展具有重要指导意义。在客观分析现有林业干部教育培训项目质量评估指标基础上,通过问卷调查法和德尔菲专家咨询法,构建林业干部教育培训项目质量评估体系指标及权重,将为客观全面评估林业干部教育培训工作提供科学的思路,并进一步规范培训质量管理体系,切实提高我国林业干部教育培训质量。     

农业项目管理人员工作内容的探讨

项目管理是农业科研管理工作的核心内容。文章从科研管理者角度出发,总结项目申报前、立项申报和实施管理不同阶段的工作内容,提出项目管理人员应具备专业知识储备与信息收集能力、申报材料的编写能力、良好的协调与沟通能力和计算机操作能力等,以期为科研管理人员更好地开展项目管理工作提供借鉴。     

2000－2010年中国退牧还草工程区生态系统宏观结构和质量及其动态变化

本研究以生态学理论为基础，以空间信息技术为支撑，基于遥感数据、气象数据和地面观测数据，通过多源数据融合、生态模型模拟和尺度转换手段，分析中国退牧还草综合治理工程区2000－2010年生态系统宏观结构和质量的时空分布及变化趋势，探讨生态系统变化的自然和人文驱动机制，为退牧还草工程的生态成效评估提供理论依据。研究结果表明，1）2000－2010年，草地生态系统面积保持平稳，生态系统宏观结构稳定，但局部区域仍存在草地与农田、湿地和荒漠间的相互转化；2）研究区草地退化趋势已得到初步遏制，植被覆盖度略有增长，叶面积指数略呈波动式增加，净初级生产力呈显著上升，草地植被呈现恢复转好态势，生态系统总体质量有所提高，生态环境向良性演变；3）研究区生态状况具有空间差异性，总体转好，局部变差，各亚区整体水平排序为内蒙古东部退化草原治理区＞青藏高原江河源退化草原治理区＞新疆退化草原治理区＞蒙甘宁西部退化草原治理区；4）退牧还草工程的实施有利于草地保护，气候暖湿化促进植被生长与恢复，人类活动干扰局部地区生态系统，三者共同影响研究区总体生态状况。     

Financial feasibility of using shelterbelts for swine odor mitigation

A farm-level financial feasibility was performed to examine the use of shelterbelts as a swine odor mitigation technology. Shelterbelts are purposefully planted rows of trees and shrubs around the main sources of swine odor—swine buildings, manure storage systems, and crop fields that receive land applied manure. By using a series of model pork finishing farms and a number of differing shelterbelt design scenarios, the shelterbelt establishment and long-term (20 years) maintenance costs were calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis. Total costs for examined pork finishing farms, depending upon the shelterbelt design scenario, and whether or not government cost-share programming was used, ranged from $0.01 to $0.65 per pig produced. Study results emphasized the importance of cost-share programs, particularly Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP). In most cases, both with and without cost-share programming, the total costs were well below reported pork producer expenditures for odor management.

浅谈集体林改制后森林经营方案的编制

农村集体林改制分为主体改革和配套改革两部分,主体改革是将集体林划分到户,并确权发证,最终把集体所有的森林和林木改变为个人所有的过程。配套改革是在完成主体改革后,为引导林农依法有序经营森林资源而制定的政策和技术措施。森林经营方案是农村集体林配套改革的重要组成部分,是广大林农今后森林经营活动时所必须遵循的技术文件,因此,编制一部科学合理的森林经营方案,对加快林业发展,保持生态平衡,合理开发利用具有深远的现实和长远意义。     

Farmlink: promoting conservation buffers farmer-to-farmer

Farmer-to-farmer outreach was used within a targeted watershed to promote the installation of conservation buffers. In this program called “FarmLink”, four farmers/landowners were employed part-time as “advisors” and trained by University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Natural Resources District personnel. Topics included basic buffer design and benefits, availability of incentive programs, and sales techniques. These individuals then contacted their neighbors to explain the need for and benefits of buffers and other conservation practices. In early 2003, 42 landowners were contacted, leading to contracts for the establishment of 16 separate conservation practices on 24.8 ha (61.3 acres) of farmland. These included just over 8 ha (20 acres) of grassed waterways or similar plantings and 14 ha (35 acres) of streamside buffers. In addition, because of information received in the training sessions, one of the advisors installed 1.7 ha (4.3 acres) of streamside buffers, 0.45 ha (1.1 acres) of grassed waterways, and 2.0 ha (5.0 acres) of grasses and forbs on his own land. During these contacts, it became apparent that: (1) many farmers and landowners were not familiar with the multitude of programs available to assist with the installation and maintenance of conservation practices; and (2) landowners generally appreciated the personal touch of someone coming out to talk directly to them, pointing out specific areas on their land where conservation practices could best be implemented, discussing available compensation programs, and describing management needed to help ensure practice success. Although one-to-one contacts cannot be used in all cases, it was demonstrated to be effective in this watershed.     

从英美硕士点和院系名称看图书馆的学科现状

本文介绍了美国和英国的图书馆学硕士点设置,描述了该学科在两国的院系归属情况,比较了图书馆学的不同英文名称,分析了名称不统一的原因和所反映出来的对学科的认识现状。