不同丝瓜品种褐变相关基因的表达分析

以7种不同丝瓜品种为试验材料,对采后丝瓜果实进行褐变鉴定,测定多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及相关基因的表达量。结果表明:"苏丝3号""苏丝6号""苏丝7号"属于抗褐变品种;"苏丝4号""苏丝5号""苏丝10号"属于耐褐变品种;"苏丝8号"属于严重褐变。从褐变酶POD和PPO变化来看,"苏丝8号"POD活性高达456.7 U·mg-1,抗褐变品种"苏丝3号""苏丝6号""苏丝7号"POD活性均在250 U·mg-1。"苏丝8号"PPO活性为68.2 U·mg-1,"苏丝3号"PPO活性最小,低至25.2 U·mg-1。从褐变基因的变化来看,"苏丝8号"在LcPOD家族基因表达中均高于对照"苏丝3号",其中LcPOD3基因表达量高达5.23,是对照的5倍以上,其它的丝瓜品种LcPOD3基因变化不显著。褐变品种"苏丝8号"在LcPPO基因家族中上调显著,表明"苏丝8号"果实褐变时促进LcPPO基因家族的表达,从而转录翻译成PPO加快果实的褐变。与对照相比,丝瓜褐变基因LCWRKY在"苏丝8号"中上调显著,表明其参与了丝瓜果实采后褐变。其它丝瓜品种LCWRKY上调不显著。     

茭白胡麻叶斑病研究进展

综述了近年来在茭白胡麻叶斑病上的病害发生、病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性、发病规律和病害防治等方面的研究成果，论述了胡麻叶斑病的防治措施如选用抗病品种、农业防治、药剂防治、植物免疫诱导剂防治等的研究进展，总结了茭白胡麻叶斑病研究上存在的问题，并指出未来需要加强茭白胡麻叶斑病病原物种群多样性、致病力分化以及于病原菌的浸染机制及致病机理方面的研究；进一步收集、筛选与鉴定茭白抗病种质资源，培育优良的抗性品种；开展茭白胡麻叶斑病抗药性监测及抗性机理研究；筛选新型生态友好的化学农药和低毒、高效的生防菌剂。     

生物质炭对黄棕壤理化性质及龙脑樟幼苗生长的影响

以南京林业大学下蜀林场黄棕壤为试验对象,采用室外盆栽试验,研究生物质炭不同施用量(炭土质量比0、1%、2%、4%)对黄棕壤理化性质及龙脑樟幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:生物质炭可有效改良黄棕壤物理性质,4%施用量改良效果最好,与仅施化肥处理相比,土壤总孔隙度、饱和持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量显著提高,土壤容重显著降低(P0.05);施用生物质炭可显著提高土壤pH(P0.05),改善土壤酸碱性;生物质炭施用对土壤氮磷有效性影响显著(P0.05),低施用量下土壤碱解氮含量最高,高施用量下土壤有效磷含量最高。生物质炭1%施用量下,龙脑樟叶片产量最高(41.54 g),分别比对照和仅施化肥处理提高141.53%和11.16%;而苗高相对生长速率较仅施化肥处理显著降低6.79%,有利于矮化苗木。可见生物质炭改良土壤理化性质和促进苗木生长的最佳施用量并不相同。考虑到经济效益,1%的生物质炭施用量对龙脑樟叶片产量的提高较为适宜。     

多功能土壤改良剂对河西内陆灌区棕漠土的改良效果

[目的]解决棕漠土保水肥能力弱,有机质含量低,制种玉米产量低而不稳的疑难问题,为河西内陆灌区制种玉米产业可持续发展提供技术支撑。[方法]选择甘肃省酒泉市肃州区棕漠土,采用田间试验方法,进行多功能土壤改良剂配方筛选及对棕漠土改良效果研究。[结果]多功能土壤改良剂最佳配比为:有机生态肥∶保水剂∶制种玉米专用肥∶聚乙烯醇为0.978 3∶0.000 9∶0.019 6∶0.001 2。多功能土壤改良剂最佳施用量为68.75t/hm~2,制种玉米理论产量为6.64t/hm~2。施用多功能土壤改良剂与传统化肥比较,棕漠土总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、团聚体、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管持水量分别增加22.75%,22.76%,22.74%,9.50%,22.75%,22.76%和22.74%;有机质、CEC、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾增加35.01%,21.64%,0.63%,2.26%和2.09%;真菌、细菌和放线菌分别增加93.97%,35.35%,20.78%;蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶分别增加61.82%,44.64%,40.00%和64.29%;制种玉米增产值和施肥利润增加39.23%和31.82%。[结论]施用多功能土壤改良剂,能有效地改善棕漠土理化性质和生物学性质,提高制种玉米产量。     

抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶系统的影响

本研究以单种抑食金球藻及其与亚心形四爿藻的混合藻为实验组,以亚心形四爿藻为对照,探究抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响。结果显示,抑食金球藻显著影响翡翠贻贝的SOD活性、MDA和GSH含量,各实验组均表现出诱导升高与抑制降低交替出现的规律。单种高、中浓度的抑食金球藻在短期(3 h)内即可对翡翠贻贝的SOD活性产生影响,混合藻组中的SOD活性上升较慢,说明亚心形四爿藻可以延滞氧化还原系统的反应时间。各实验组翡翠贻贝GSH含量在2 d内均显著低于对照组,且混合藻组与单种抑食金球藻组相差不大,提示亚心形四爿藻对抗氧化还原损伤并未起到明显的缓解作用。     

柑橘褐斑病菌对不同抗性柑橘品种防御酶活性的影响

以柑橘褐斑病高抗品种Lw8,中抗品种L2,高感品种Lw14为实验材料,通过孢子喷雾法使柑橘褐斑病菌感染柑橘叶片,研究接菌0d、1d、2d、3d、6d、8d、10d时,柑橘叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、几丁质酶(CHT)酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶(GLU)含量及活性变化规律与品种抗病性的关系。结果表明,接种前,两个抗病品种Lw8、L2中的POD、SOD、PAL、PPO 、GLU、CHT活性显著高于高感品种Lw14,CAT活性则与高感品种Lw14相近；接种后,3个不同抗性品种中SOD、POD、CAT、PAL、PPO 、GLU、CHT 7种防御酶活性较对照明显提高,但不同品种增加幅度不一致,除CAT外,其余6种防御酶活性均表现为抗病品种Lw8、L2增幅显著高于高感品种Lw14,且两个抗病品种一般在接菌3d内6种防御酶活性迅速升高并达到峰值；而高感品种Lw14防御酶(除CAT外)活性或增幅较小或较两个抗病品种滞后。本研究初步探讨了不同抗性品种接种褐斑病菌后7种防御酶的活性动态变化与柑橘品种抗病性关系,为进一步研究其抗病机理奠定基础。     

Comparative proteomics analysis of maize (Zea mays) leaves infected by small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus)

Maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) is a viral disease caused by brown planthopper infestation, and leads to great yield loss, especially in China. Comparative proteomics was performed using maize inbred line Zheng 58 and LN 287. MRDD pathogen was detected as rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) in Shandong Province, China. The modified trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone method was used for soluble protein extraction from leaves. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis was performed on 24-cm long, pH 4–7 linear immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips, and gels were stained with silver and coomassie brilliant blue. We identified 944 proteins expressed in RBSDV infected maize leaves by proteomics approaches. Among these, 44 protein spots that revealed a 1.5-fold difference in intensity were identified by mass spectrometry between mock-inoculated and RBSDV infected samples. Among these, 17 and 26 spots were up-regulated, and 27 and 18 spots were down-regulated in the virus infected samples of Zheng 58 and LN 287, respectively. Differential protein spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry identification, which could be divided into six categories. Furthermore, the expression of stress-related proteins was detected and confirmed by qRT-PCR. This study lays the foundation for further investigations, enabling the enhancement of MRDD resistance in maize.     

SSR标记对甜菜抗褐斑病品种的聚类分析

为了选育、鉴定抗褐斑病较好的国内甜菜品种,分析抗褐斑病品种的亲缘关系,本试验利用筛选出的多态性较好的14对SSR引物组合对17份甜菜品种进行亲缘关系分析,采用MEGA 3.1软件和Excel 2007获得遗传距离并绘制聚类图,结合分子标记和田间调查结果进行抗褐斑病性调查和聚类分析。分子标记结果显示:共产生99条扩增带,其中81条具有多态性,平均多态率为81.8%。平均遗传距离和遗传相似系数分别为0.4601和0.6312。聚类分析结果在0.2遗传距离处,供试材料可分为5个类群,第一类群包括两个亚类。分子标记结果表明:17份供试材料遗传多样性较丰富。田间调查结果表明,有5个品种抗褐斑病性较好。聚类结果可见,SSR对于甜菜抗褐斑病品种的遗传基础分析和聚类划分有参考作用。     

土壤施用生物质炭对取食水稻的灰飞虱生活史特征的影响

【目的】为评价土壤施用生物质炭在防治农作物害虫中的潜力,观察了土壤施用生物质炭对取食水稻的灰飞虱(Laodelphaxstriatellus)发育和生殖的影响。【方法】开展室内盆栽试验,采用生物质炭种类(玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆)与添加量（0、30和50g/kg）的2因素×3水平组合处理土壤,种植水稻苗、接种灰飞虱,观察灰飞虱的发育和生殖表现。【结果】1)生物质炭种类与添加量互作影响灰飞虱若虫历期,当施用玉米或水稻生物质炭时,不同添加量之间的若虫历期无显著差异;当施用小麦生物质炭时,添加30g/kg生物质炭处理下的若虫历期比对照(18.70±0.30 d)延长1.54 d。2)生物质炭种类与添加量没有显著互作影响雌成虫寿命。添加量不影响,但生物质炭种类具有显著影响,施用玉米或小麦生物质炭处理雌成虫寿命比水稻生物质炭处理雌成虫寿命(23.70±0.48d)分别延长2.13 d或3.10 d。3)生物质炭种类与添加量互作影响灰飞虱雌虫终身产卵量,施用生物质炭使生殖力下降,但下降幅度随生物质炭处理不同而异,当添加30g/kg生物质炭时,施用玉米生物质炭处理下的雌虫终身产卵量(176.40±6.84粒)比施用水稻或小麦生物质炭处理分别多22.80粒或18.95粒;当添加50g/kg生物质炭时,施用玉米生物质炭处理的雌虫终身产卵量(140.30±3.26粒)比施用水稻或小麦生物质炭处理分别少16.90粒或21.60粒。【结论】施用生物质炭可减弱灰飞虱的生殖力,减幅随生物质炭种类与添加量的不同而异。     

Linking watershed and microhabitat characteristics: effects on production of Atlantic salmonids (Salmo salar and Salmo trutta)

The spatial scale of environmental factors influencing population dynamics ranges from microhabitat to continental or even global scales. Integration of multiple spatial scales is important in order to understand links between environmental variation and population processes. In the present study, we investigate how multiscale drivers influence the production of stream‐rearing Atlantic salmonids (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. and brown trout, Salmo trutta L.) measured in terms of abundance. Variation in juvenile production was studied using data from single‐pass electrofishing surveys (measured as biomass per m²) from nine rivers. These data were combined with habitat data ranging from an important in‐stream microhabitat variable (shelter availability) to properties of the catchment. Variation in productivity within and among rivers was affected by both properties of in‐stream habitat and catchment properties. Shelter availability and the proportion of the catchment consisting of cultivated land and lakes influenced biomass positively, while catchment area had the opposite effect. For a different set of rivers (N = 20), river gradient and catchment area were shown to positively affect the amount of shelter. Finally, the variables identified in the two preceding analysis were included in the analysis of population productivity using catch statistics from 160 rivers. The proportion of cultivated land and lakes, estimated shelter availability were found to have positive effects. In addition, temperature had a positive effect, while river width had a negative effect. This study shows that combining multiple‐scale environmental factors can explain a substantial proportion of variation in population productivity among and within the populations of Atlantic salmonids.