Whole wheat bread: Effect of bran fractions on dough and end-product quality

Consumption of whole-wheat based products is encouraged due to their important nutritional elements that benefit human health. However, the use of whole-wheat flour is limited because of the poor processing and end-product quality. Bran was postulated as the major problem in whole wheat breadmaking. In this study, four major bran components including lipids, extractable phenolics (EP), hydrolysable phenolics (HP), and fiber were evaluated for their specific functionality in flour, dough and bread baking. The experiment was done by reconstitution approach using the 2⁴ factorial experimental layout. Fiber was identified as a main component to have highly significant (P < 0.05) and negative influence on most breadmaking characteristics. Although HP had positive effect on farinograph stability, it was identified as another main factor that negatively impacted the oven spring and bread loaf volume. Bran oil and EP seemed to be detrimental to most breadmaking characteristics. Overall, statistical analysis indicates that influence of the four bran components are highly complex. The bran components demonstrate multi-way interactions in regards to their influence on dough and bread-making characteristics. Particularly, Fiber appeared to have a high degree of interaction with other bran components and notably influenced the functionality of those components in whole wheat bread-making.     

The importance of non‐penetrated papillae formation in the resistance response of triticale to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis)

Triticale is the intergeneric hybrid between wheat and rye. With the expansion of the triticale growing area, powdery mildew has emerged and become a significant disease on this new host. Recent research demonstrated that this ‘new’ powdery mildew on triticale has emerged through a host range expansion of powdery mildew of wheat. Moreover, isolates sampled from triticale still infect their previous host, wheat, but isolates sampled from wheat hardly infect triticale. Race‐specific and adult‐plant resistance have been identified in triticale cultivars. The main objective of this study was to characterize the cellular basis of powdery mildew resistance in triticale. Commonalities with resistance responses in other cereals such as wheat, barley and oat are discussed. A detailed comparative histological study of various resistance responses during cross‐inoculation of either virulent or avirulent wheat and triticale isolates on both hosts was carried out. The present data provide evidence that for incompatible interactions, the formation of non‐penetrated papillae is the predominant resistance response, while the hypersensitive response (HR) acts as a second line of defence, to cut the fungus off from nutrients, if penetration resistance fails. It is not clear yet what causes the slower growth and reduced colony size of triticale isolates when inoculated on wheat. Possibly, post‐penetration resistance mechanisms, other than HR, are switched on during these (semi‐) compatible interactions. Molecular studies on gene expression and gene function of defence‐related genes might reveal further insights into the genetic basis of these resistance responses.     

A Comparison Investigation on Antioxidant Activities,Physicochemical Properties and Phytochemical Contents of Kiwifruit Genotypes and Cultivars

The present work was conducted to find the physicochemical properties, chemical components and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit hydroalcoholic extracts (B-31, HO-1-14, J-242, Bruno, Greenlight, Hayward, Monty, Topstar) grown Yalova, Turkey. Phytochemical tests were performed to determine total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid. Moreover, the kiwifruit extracts were subjected to evaluate their antioxidant potential using different in vitro assays such as total antioxidant, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelating, free radical, H₂O₂ and superoxide anion scavenging activities at 50–500 μg mL^?1, and also found EC₅₀ and IC₅₀ values. The soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and pH were analyzed in all the genotypes and cultivars. The highest total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid content were found in J-242 (89.53 mg GAE/100 g), J-242 (109.13 mg QE/100 g) and HO-1-14 (64.15 mg/100 g), respectively. The linoleic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acid methyl esters were detected in all kiwifruit extracts by GC/MS. Significant differences were found between genotypes and cultivars in the antioxidant tests. The extracts showed high inhibition of lipid peroxidation and compared to standards, significantly (p < 0.05). The GC/MS analyses confirmed quantitative variability in the antioxidant profiles. The SSC, TA and pH of kiwifruit genotypes and cultivars showed a moderate level. The key parameters for the most active kiwifruit included the following: total antioxidant activity for B-31, H₂O₂ scavenging activity for J-242 and metal chelating activity for Topstar. In conclusion, this study exhibited the important role played by the genotypes and cultivars background on the chemical content and antioxidant profiles.     

Increasing pre‐acclimation temperature reduces the freezing tolerance of winter‐type faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Autumn‐sown winter‐type faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has been shown to have a yield advantage over spring sowing. Still, adoption of this overwintered pulse crop remains limited in temperate locations, due to inadequate winter hardiness. This research sought to understand how the prevailing temperature during emergence and seedling development, that is pre‐acclimation, influences freezing tolerance. Seedlings grown under a controlled “warm” 17/12°C (day/night) pre‐acclimation environment were initially less freezing tolerant than those grown under a “cold” 12/5°C temperature treatment. Stem and particularly root tissues were primarily responsible for slower cold acclimation, and there was a genotype specific response of above‐ground tissues to pre‐acclimation treatment. Both above and below‐ground tissues should be tested across a range of pre‐acclimation temperatures when screening faba bean germplasm for freezing tolerance.     

超高压处理对糙米多酚、黄酮类含量及其抗氧化性的影响

超高压处理是一种新型的非热加工技术,具有提高食品安全性和货架期,保持食品原有营养成分等特点。以糙米为研究对象,探究其经不同高压条件处理后,其多酚、黄酮类含量的变化,并分析了上述处理对糙米DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+·自由基清除率的影响。本实验分别采用一步式超高压(100~400 MPa,5 min和10 min)与两步式超高压(100~400 MPa,5 min+5 min)处理糙米。实验结果表明,在100~300 MPa压力范围内,超高压处理后的糙米酚类、黄酮类含量以及抗氧化活性随着压力的增大而增大。两步式高压处理组(5 min+5 min)糙米的酚类、黄酮类含量以及抗氧化活性高于一步式高压处理组。采用300 MPa两步式高压处理糙米后,其酚类、黄酮类物质保留率可达到97%,这说明超高压是一种较有效的保留糙米中抗氧化物质的非热加工方法。     

贮藏中香椿多酚抗氧化性的变化研究

通过香椿多酚在贮藏过程中抗氧化性的变化,探究贮藏条件对香椿中功能性质的影响.将香椿在0、5、10℃的温度下分别贮藏一定时间后,采用DPPH自由基清除法(DPPH法)和铁离子还原比色法(FRAP法)来评价其多酚抗氧化性的变化,同时用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)测定样品中多酚的变化.贮藏后的香椿,其多酚的抗氧化性均在第4天...     

土壤中红霉素结合残留在菜心中生物有效性研究

为探究土壤环境中红霉素污染的生物风险,本试验采用¹⁴C示踪技术,选取广东菜心为代表,研究红霉素结合残留的释放、转化及生物有效性,并探讨添加外源有机肥(如鸡粪、活性淤泥)对该过程的影响。结果表明,土壤中红霉素结合残留随着时间推移逐渐释放,在培养45 d时下降至引入量的59.83%,其中15.00%转化为可提态残留;植物根系的吸收和扰动能促进红霉素结合残留的释放和转化(P <0.05);土壤中的红霉素结合残留能够被广东菜心根部吸收并转运至可食部分,转运系数为0.34,表明红霉素结合残留在菜心体内不易向上运输;放射性自显影图片显示,被植物吸收的¹⁴C-红霉素及其放射性衍生物主要集中在叶片和根部;外源添加有机肥(鸡粪和活性淤泥)处理,一方面可抑制结合残留的释放,增加富啡酸中红霉素结合残留的含量(P<0.05),导致土壤中红霉素污染更持久,另一方面可促进植物对土壤中红霉素残留的吸收;腐殖质分级结果显示,红霉素结合残留主要集中在富啡酸中(87.92%~97.21%),并随着时间推移不断释放。本研究结果为科学评价红霉素的生态安全提供了理论支持。     

不同乳酸菌发酵对桂圆肉中酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

【目的】比较不同乳酸菌种发酵对桂圆肉(干制的龙眼果肉)中游离态、结合态酚类物质含量和单体酚组成及其抗氧化活性的影响,为开发营养保健的乳酸菌发酵龙眼新产品提供参考。【方法】将桂圆肉打浆(料水比为1﹕1.5)后作为发酵基质,进行高温湿热灭菌,再分别接入7种不同乳酸菌(植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌、明串珠菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和干酪乳杆菌,菌浓度:8.0—9.0 lg CFU/mL),接种量为1%,在30℃下静置发酵48 h(pH4.0—4.2),然后对发酵前后桂圆肉中游离态和结合态总酚、总黄酮含量的变化进行分析,采用高效液相色谱法分析其单体酚类的组成及含量的变化,采用铁离子还原能力(ferric reducing abi1ity of plasma,FRAP)和氧自由基吸收能力(oxygen radical absorption capacity,ORAC)两种方法评价其体外抗氧化能力差异。【结果】7种乳酸菌发酵均能不同程度增加桂圆肉中游离态总酚和总黄酮含量,降低结合态总酚和总黄酮含量。与发酵前相比,发酵后桂圆肉游离态总酚含量增加0.4%—11.9%,结合态总酚含量下降14.4%—41.4%;游离态总黄酮含量增加2.8%—19.6%,结合态总黄酮含量下降19.6%—70.6%。但不同菌种对其影响存在差异,其中植物乳杆菌释放桂圆肉中结合态酚类物质的能力最强,使游离酚含量增加11.9%,结合态酚含量下降41.4%,游离态总黄酮增加19.6%,结合态总黄酮下降70.6%。不同乳酸菌发酵对桂圆肉中单体酚(没食子酸、丁香酸、表儿茶素、4-甲基邻苯二酚、原儿茶酸、对香豆酸和异槲皮苷)含量影响亦存在显著差异(P0.05),其中发酵后的游离态的没食子酸和4-甲基邻苯二酚含量分别增加8.6%—69.8%和0.4%—29.5%,结合态的没食子酸和4-甲基邻苯二酚含量分别下降80.0%—88.3%和45.6%—73.9%。而乳酸菌发酵后,桂圆肉游离态FRAP和ORAC抗氧化能力与发酵前相比也有显著提高(P0.05),其中植物乳杆菌发酵后,游离态FRAP和ORAC抗氧化能力分别提高11.8%和59.1%。【结论】乳酸菌发酵能提高桂圆肉中游离态酚类物质含量,降低结合态酚类物质含量,同时提高其抗氧化能力。植物乳杆菌在发酵桂圆肉的过程中,其释放结合态酚类物质的能力明显优于其他乳酸菌,其发酵后桂圆肉的抗氧化能力也有明显提高。     

Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities in skins and pulps of eleven grape cultivars(Vitis vinifera L.)

Eleven grape cultivars were analysed to explore the variety differences of fresh grape phenolic profiles. The results showed that free phenolics were predominant in grape skins and pulps, and showed the higher antioxidant activities than bound. In 11 cultivars, Muscat Kyoho extracts had the highest total phenolic content in skins(10.525 mg GAE g~(–1) FW) and pulps(1.134 mg GAE g~(–1) FW), and exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavening capacity(EC_(50)=11.7 μg mL~(–1)) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC) value(190.57 μmol TE g~(–1) FW) of free phenolic in skin. In addition, the most abundant phenolics in grape skins were found to be flavonoids such as kaempferol in Kyoho skin(541.2 μg g~(–1) FW), rutin, catechin and epicatechin in Muscat Kyoho skin(262.3, 86.3 and 70.0 μg g~(–1) FW, respectively). Furthermore, the principal component analysis showed a strong difference of phenolic profiles with the cultivars, existing forms and distributions. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed a significant linear correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity(P0.05). Therefore, both skins and pulps were rich sources of bioactive phenolic compounds, and Muscat Kyoho was the ideal source among all samples.     

Water in the Mogao Grottoes,China: where it comes from and how it is driven

The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in China was designated as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1987 and is famous for its cultural relics. Water is the most active factor that harms the relics in the caves as it damages the grotto murals and painted sculptures. Thus, determining the water sources and driving forces of water movement is a key issue for protecting these cultural relics. These issues have troubled relics protectors for a long time. In this study, the authors chose a representative cave in the Mogao Grottoes and, by completely sealing the cave to make a closed system, measured the water vapor from the surrounding rock. This was accomplished by installing a condensation–dehumidification temperature–humidity control system for the collection of water vapor. The results show that there is continuous evaporation from the deep surrounding rock into the cave. The daily evaporation capacity is determined to be 1.02 g/(d?m2). The water sources and driving forces of water movement were further analyzed according to the character of the water evaporation and by monitoring the temperature and humidity of the surrounding rock. It was found that the water vapor in the cave derives from phreatic water. Moreover, the yearly fluctuation of temperature in the surrounding rock and geothermal forces are the basic powers responsible for driving phreatic evaporation. Under the action of the yearly temperature fluctuations, decomposition and combination of bound water acts as a "pump" that drives phreatic water migration and evaporation. When the temperature rises, bound water decomposes and evaporates; and when it falls, the rock absorbs moisture. This causes the phreatic water to move from deep regions to shallow ones. Determining the source and dynamic foundation of the water provides a firm scientific basis for protecting the valuable cultural relics in the caves.