延安丘陵沟壑区坡面果园土壤水库特征

测定了坡面果园土壤水库特征曲线;借助黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡面果园土壤水分长期定位观测,分析了坡面果园土壤水库的调节深度受坡向影响,其中阴坡调节深度大于阳坡;土壤水库来水受土壤入渗的影响,耗水受蒸发的影响,表现出一定的季节性。     

北美栅锈菌和松杨栅锈菌可视化检测体系建立

目的 为实现北美栅锈菌和松杨栅锈菌快速有效的鉴别及鉴定。 方法 本研究根据两种锈菌的28SrDNA基因序列设计若干组LAMP引物。经筛选得到的引物以北美栅锈菌、松杨栅锈菌、图拉斯叉钩丝壳菌、芍药白粉菌、梨胶锈菌、羊肚菌、金针菇的基因组DNA为模板进行LAMP反应并完成特异性检测;首先建立初始LAMP反应体系,再进一步优化LAMP反应体系的组分和反应条件,加入羟基萘酚蓝实现可视化检测;最后确定检测体系灵敏度。 结果 表明,筛选出的引物具有特异性;25 μL北美栅锈菌LAMP检测体系最佳Mg2＋浓度为6 mmol·L−1,最佳内外引物比例为8：1,最佳dNTPs浓度为1.2 mmol·L−1;同样地,25 μL松杨栅锈菌LAMP检测体系最佳Mg2＋浓度为4 mmol·L−1,最佳内外引物比例为6：1,最佳dNTPs浓度为1 mmol·L−1。加入160 μM羟基萘酚蓝（HNB）可清晰地指示反应结果,两种检测体系在61 ℃条件下,分别反应30 min和40 min可实现目视判断结果,且灵敏度分别可达34 fg·μL−1和60 fg·μL−1。 结论 通过建立两种锈菌的可视化LAMP-HNB检测体系可实现对北美栅锈菌和松杨栅锈菌进行区分及鉴定,为快速鉴定和区分重要杨树锈病提供了技术支撑和实践参考。     

多泥沙河流供水水库水沙联合优化调度的研究与应用

【目的】分析多泥沙河流供水水库中供水与排沙减淤之间的矛盾,为此类水库合理调度运行方式的确定提供技术支撑。【方法】运用水沙数学模型与优化理论的基本思想,构建多泥沙河流供水水库水沙联合优化调度耦合模型,并将该模型应用于亭口水库这一典型多泥沙河流供水水库调度运行方式的优化比选研究中。【结果】成功构建了多泥沙河流供水水库水沙联合优化调度耦合模型,该模型由水库优化调度动态规划子模型及泥沙冲淤计算子模型2部分构成,子模型之间通过参数及数据的相互传递,实现对模型定解条件的影响,从而组成一个耦合模型。该模型在亭口水库调度运行方式优化比选研究的应用表明,亭口水库适宜采用"蓄水运用,汛期低水位相机排沙"的调度运行方式。【结论】所构建模型具有较强的合理性及较广的适用性,为多泥沙河流水库水沙联合调度运行方式的制定提供了一条行之有效的解决途径。     

狗牙根与牛鞭草在三峡库区消落带水淹结束后的抗氧化酶活力

三峡水库周期性水淹结束后,消落带植物积极恢复生长的能力有利于其生存和定居,因此,探究影响植物恢复生长的关键生理生态机制对于消落带生态治理具有重要意义。采用野外采样、对比测定的手段,研究了生长于三峡水库消落带的狗牙根和牛鞭草根系在冬季水淹结束后清除活性氧(ROS)的关键酶活力恢复动态。结果表明:与对照相比,经历水淹的植物恢复初期发生明显氧化胁迫,超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)均维持了水淹诱导增加的活力水平。两个物种的过氧化氢酶(CAT)在水淹中活力均较低;出露之后后狗牙根CAT趋向于对照水平,牛鞭草CAT活力迅速上升但未到显著水平。水淹结束后24 d各个酶活力均回复到对照水平,表明氧化胁迫已基本消失。消落带位点植物不同酶活力之间表现出显著的相关关系,这可能是植株维持ROS代谢内稳态的表现。     

灌区田间灌溉蓄水工程的规模优选

针对灌区缺乏调蓄的实际情况,提出了一个优选田间灌溉蓄水工程规模的模型。模型同时考虑灌区来水与用水的随机性,以旬为分析时段单元,生成泉源来水和灌溉需水的人工长系列,基于蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)方法,模拟计算了不同规模的蓄水工程在设计运行期内对灌溉区农业的增产效益,以净效益最大为标准优选田间蓄水池规模,结果表明,对于单位灌溉面积最优的蓄水工程规模为2100 m³,相应的灌溉可靠度提高到95.0%。     

聚脲防渗材料在大海子水库放水涵洞工程中的应用

针对大海子水库放水涵洞闸门前承压段3道伸缩缝止水功能部分失效、伸缩缝漏水防渗处理等问题,采取聚合物砂浆封缝、灌注水溶性聚氨酯堵漏、手工聚脲材料护面防渗等处理,为聚脲防渗材料在水库放水涵洞工程中的应用提供借鉴和经验.     

基于“3S”技术的辽宁省某尾矿库扩容工程生态影响预测与评价

以辽宁省某尾矿库为例,基于GIS技术,利用2010年的TM遥感影像及地形图,预测该尾矿库扩容后的生态影响。分析结果显示:尾矿库扩容工程对生态的影响主要体现在土地利用、植被、生态景观和地形地貌的变化4个方面。     

Associations of fish with various types of littoral habitats in reservoirs

Fish associations with different types of littoral habitats were studied in four canyon‐shaped reservoirs in the Czech Republic in years 2010 and 2011 by gillnets. Two to three habitats per reservoir–beaches (former meadows), stump fields (former forest) and rubble slopes–were defined and sampled along the longitudinal axis of reservoirs. Effects of reservoir, habitat and locality (position along longitudinal axis) on fish biomass, abundance and species structure were tested for juvenile and adult fish separately. Hierarchical analysis of variance revealed that habitats differed significantly in fish biomass and abundance. Redundancy analysis showed that analysed environmental variables had significant influence on fish community structure. Most variability in community structure was explained by reservoir and then by combination of habitat and slope steepness. Locality position had the smallest influence on community structure. For both adult and juvenile fish total abundance and biomass, the most inhabited habitat was beaches; rubble slopes were the least inhabited. Habitat associations differed among species. Among adults, bream Abramis brama, white bream Blicca bjoerkna and roach Rutilus rutilus were associated with beaches and stump fields, whereas perch Perca fluviatilis, ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, asp Aspius aspius and pike Esox lucius were associated with rubble slopes. Bream, white bream, bleak Alburnus alburnus, roach, ruffe and pikeperch Sander lucioperca were associated with beaches among juveniles, whereas the only juvenile associated with rubble slopes was perch. We showed that most common species are associated with distinct habitats and also that utilisation of various littoral habitats differs in general.     

Quantification of reservoir bags as airway pressure-limiting devices in a nonrebreathing system

ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of reservoir bag types, volumes and previous use on the peak pressures (Pmax) and the times to develop 30 cmH₂O pressure (P30) within a nonrebreathing system with a closed adjustable pressure-limiting (APL) valve.Study designIn vitro study using three-way factorial design with repeated measure on one factor.SubjectsA total of 75 new anesthesia reservoir bags (five types, three volumes, five bags from each type × volume). The bag types were reusable latex (RL), disposable latex (DL) and three disposable neoprene (DN-1, DN-2 and DN-3).MethodsEach bag was tested three times (treatments): new, after prestretching and 1 week later. The bags were attached to a Bain system and anesthesia machine with closed APL valve and patient port with O₂ flow 2 L minute^–1 until Pmax was reached. The Pmax and time to reach P30 values were determined from recorded pressure traces. General linear mixed model analysis was used to examine the effects of bag type, volume and treatment. One-sided 95% upper prediction limits of Pmax were calculated to test the null hypothesis that predicted Pmax of new bags would be ≥ 50 cmH₂O for each factor combination.ResultsRL bags were the least and DN-3 bags were the most compliant. Prestretching increased compliance in all bag types. Smaller bags of RL, DL and DN-1 were less compliant than larger ones. The predicted Pmax values were < 50 cmH₂O only for DN-3 bags after prestretching. The time to reach P30 was critically low when using 0.5 L bags (median 17 seconds).Conclusions and clinical relevanceTo minimize the risk of barotrauma, highly compliant reservoir bags (e.g. DN-3) are recommended and reusable bags should be avoided. Bags should be prestretched before first use, 0.5 L bags should be avoided and fresh gas flow minimized.