一种基于图像分析提取作物冠层生物学参数的方法与验证

利用图像分析方法,通过准确识别冠层和背景像素进行棉花冠层生物学产量和叶面积系数估测。采用Olympus C740 Ultra Zoom数码相机拍摄棉花不同生育期冠层图像,在棉花冠层数码照片特征分析的基础上提出了棉花冠层图片计算机自动判读的方法,即混合采用图像色度(H)、绿光(G)、红光(R)灰度值构造提取条件,通过多重判断识别棉花冠层和背景,并编写了相应的计算机程序。利用该程序分析棉花不同施氮量下、不同生育期提取地面覆盖度参数与棉花生物学产量、叶面积系数间的关系,发现棉花冠层地面覆盖度指标可以有效预测棉花生物学产量和叶面积系数,二者间指数相关系数达到r=0.97以上,为极显著相关。  

虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾生长发育的影响及抗性选育

 【目的】评估甜菜夜蛾对虫酰肼产生抗性的风险，了解虫酰肼[3，5-二甲基苯甲酸1-1（1，1一二甲基乙基）-2（4-乙基苯甲酰）肼，tebufenozide]对甜菜夜蛾生物学特性的影响。【方法】采用浸渍法，分别使用虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫LC50剂量隔代和LC10剂量继代汰选抗性，比较各代生物学特性变化；不同剂量分别处理甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫和卵块，研究药剂对当代及下一代的主要生物学特性的影响。【结果】LC50剂量隔代汰选抗药性至F11代，甜菜夜蛾幼虫对该药剂的敏感性未发生明显变化，表明没有产生抗性；羽化率及成虫寿命变化不明显，而化蛹率、蛹重和单雌产卵量逐代显著降低。用LC10剂量继代汰选抗性缓慢上升，至F19代抗性增加2.52倍；化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率、成虫寿命及单雌产卵量变化不显著。分别用虫酰肼2.5、5、10、20及40 µg•ml-1浸渍法处理3龄幼虫，随剂量提高幼虫成活率随之降低，幼虫期缩短，化蛹率及蛹重下降，但羽化率及成虫雌雄比变化不大；当大于等于10 µg•ml-1剂量处理幼虫，不仅随剂量提高而降低了下一代成虫产卵量，而且下一代幼虫成活率，幼虫及蛹体重也有所下降。用虫酰肼10～300 µg•ml-1剂量浸渍卵块，卵孵化率与对照无明显差异，但用 50 µg•ml-1以上剂量处理时，可明显降低初孵幼虫、4日龄幼虫成活率以及幼虫及蛹体重。【结论】虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾当代及下一代的生物学特性存在明显影响，而甜菜夜蛾对该药剂不易产生抗药性。  

褐飞虱种群动态的研究 Ⅱ.影响田间种群数量变动的一些生物学参数

本文研究了江苏太湖单季晚稻区影响褐飞虱田间种群数量变动的有关生物学参数:卵孵化率80％,若虫存活率18.6％,成虫寿命8天,其不同日龄个体产卵量模型为E=(12.54Ⅰ—25.4)C/100,水稻抽穗后长翅型成虫迁出比例从20％逐渐增至95％。在25℃条件下,取食孕穗期水稻的褐飞虱长、短翅型成虫繁殖倍数分别为9.8倍和13.3倍。应用以上研究结果,将褐飞虱实验种群动态模型改建成田间种群动态模型,用以预测褐飞虱田间种群数量的消长。  

小麦叶片的逆向衰老

 【目的】揭示小麦叶片逆向衰老规律,探讨其理论意义和实践价值。【方法】从2005年起进行了小麦叶片逆向衰老顺序和正常衰老顺序的比较试验,对冠层温度和一些重要生物学参数进行测定。【结果】自然界存在小麦叶片逆向衰老现象,具此现象的小麦其部分茎生叶片的衰老顺序和大多数小麦的正常衰老顺序不同,即最晚衰老的叶片不是旗叶而是倒2叶;和这种叶片逆向衰老状态相对应,在结实后期出现顶层叶黄、邻层叶绿的叶色结构,和一般小麦的顶层叶绿、邻层叶黄完全相反;叶片的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、蒸腾速率、净光合速率也在生育期向前推进中出现旗叶被倒2叶反超的异常状况,另外,这类小麦结实期的冠层温度总是显示出以冷结尾（冷尾态）或全程偏冷（冷型态）的特征;由于生理过程的特殊性,导致这类小麦倒置茎上的粒重明显高于正置茎,并由此带动其籽粒亦比一般小麦为重,这和“接力式”灌浆机制密切相关,不同于一般小麦的旗叶作为向籽粒输送养分的主源其作用贯穿于结实全过程的灌浆模式。【结论】这项研究为小麦结实和衰老理论的探讨、小麦产量的进一步提升以及冷型、冷尾小麦的培育提供了一种新的思路和途径。  

Inverse Leaf Aging Sequence （ILAS） and Its Significance of Wheat

The implication of the revelation of the inverse leaf aging sequence (ILAS) of wheat needs to be probed in theory and practice. Since 2005, the comparison experiment of the ILAS and the conventional leaf aging sequence (CLAS) has been carried out to measure the canopy temperature and some important biological parameters of wheat. In nature, there existed the phenomenon that the wheat leaves aged in an sequence opposite to the conventional sequence and some of the leaves of ILAS wheat aged sequentially differed from those of CLAS wheat, i.e., the penultimate leaves rather than the flag leaves aged last among the leaves at different leaf positions; in correspondence with the inverse leaf aging sequence,there appeared an unconventional leaf color structure at the late fruiting stage, which had yellow upper leaves and green lower leaves, opposite to the conventional leaf color structure that had green upper leaves and yellow lower leaves; the chlorophyll concentrations, soluble protein concentrations, transpiration rates, and net photosynthetic rates of the penultimate leaves of ILAS wheat unconventionally surpassed those of their flag leaves as their growth moved forward from one stage to another stage, and the ILAS wheat characteristically presented cold canopy temperature, i.e., a cold tail canopy temperature at the late fruiting stage, or a cold canopy temperature at the whole fruiting stage; because ILAS wheat was unique in physiological process, its kernel weights were obviously higher than those of CLAS wheat, which closely related to the "relay" kernel-filling mode, which was different from the kernel-filling mode of CLAS wheat under which the flag leaves act as the main nutrient supply source at the whole fruiting stage. This study provided a new idea and approach for the theoretical exploration on wheat fruiting and aging, wheat yield further improvement, and cold type wheat and cold tail wheat breeding.  

基于图像处理技术的生物反应器浓度检测系统的开发

发酵过程生物参数的在线检测,是获得发酵过程生物信息的重要手段,也是进行合理最优控制的基础。但是,目前许多生物量只能离线检测,不能够为实时的控制系统利用。因此提出了基于图像处理技术的生物反应器浓度在线检测系统,系统由反应液循环与控制装置、反应液浓度光学检测装置、图像采集与处理装置、计算机以及相应的处理软件组成。通过与分光光度计的实验比较,证实了所设计的系统可以用于生物反应器浓度的在线测量,为实现发酵过程生物参数的在线检测提供了值得借鉴的设计思路和实现方法。  

Transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H＋epsps Rice with Insect and Herbicide Resistance Acted No Adverse Impacts on the Population Growth of a Non-Target Herbivore,the White-Backed Planthopper,Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Numerous Bt rice lines expressing Cry protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner （Bt） have been developed since 1989. However, the potential risks posed by Bt rice on non-target organisms still remain debate. The white-backed planthopper （WBPH）, Sogatella furcifera （Horváth）, is one of the most economically important insect pests of rice in Asian countries and also one of the main non-target herbivores of transgenic rice. In the current study, impacts of transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H＋epsps rice （G6H1） with both insect and herbicide resistance on WBPH were evaluated to ascertain whether this transgenic rice line had potential risks for this sap-sucking pest under laboratory and ifeld conditions. The laboratory results showed that no signiifcant difference in egg developmental duration, nymphal survival rate and female fecundity was found for WBPH between G6H1 and its non-transgenic isoline （XS110）. However, the development duration of nymphs was signiifcantly shorter and female longevity signiifcantly longer when WBPH fed on G6H1 by comparison with those on its control. To verify the results found in laboratory, a 3-yr ifeld trial was conducted to monitor WBPH population using both the vacuum-suction machine and beat plate methods. Although the seasonal density of WBPH nymphs and total density of nymphs and adults were not signiifcantly affected by transgenic rice regardless of the sampling methods, the seasonal density of WBPH adults in transgenic rice plots was slightly lower than that in the control when using the vacuum-suction machine. Based on these results both from laboratory and ifeld, it is clear that our tested transgenic rice line will not lead higher population of WBPH. However, long-term ifeld experiments to monitor the population dynamics of WPBH at large scale need to be conducted to conifrm the present conclusions in future.  

成虫饲养密度对梨小食心虫寿命及生殖力的影响

【目的】明确成虫饲养密度对梨小食心虫寿命及生殖力的影响，为梨小食心虫的室内继代饲养提供参考。【方法】利用室内继代饲养的梨小食心虫，在雌雄比1∶1条件下，分别设置5，10，15，20和25对5个饲养密度，较系统地观察雌雄虫寿命、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量、后代孵化率等主要生物学参数并进行比较分析。【结果】饲养密度为15对时，雌成虫寿命显著低于其他饲养密度下的雌成虫寿命，雄成虫寿命显著高于其他饲养密度下的雄成虫寿命，雌成虫寿命极显著低于雄成虫。饲养密度为5对时，产卵前期显著高于其他饲养密度下的产卵前期，不同饲养密度梨小食心虫产卵期无显著差异。饲养密度为5对时，单雌产卵量显著低于饲养密度为10对、15对和25对下的单雌产卵量。在不同饲养密度下，梨小食心虫后代卵孵化率无显著差异，其单雌日产卵量均呈先增后减的趋势。饲养密度为10对、15对、25对时，其产卵高峰单雌日产卵量显著高于饲养密度为5对时的产卵高峰单雌日产卵量。回归分析表明，饲养密度（x）与总产卵量（y）之间的关系符合S型曲线方程。【结论】梨小食心虫成虫寿命因不同的饲养密度和性别而异，在500 mL烧杯空间内，以饲养密度15对最佳。  

叶色倒置小麦的一些生物学特征研究

【目的】探讨叶色呈倒置状态小麦的一些生物学特性,为高产小麦育种研究提供参考。【方法】以具有叶色倒置现象的小麦品种为材料,研究叶色倒置小麦中叶色正置茎和叶色倒置茎顶三叶的叶色、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、净光合速率及千粒质量的变化规律。【结果】叶色倒置小麦正置茎顶三叶叶色、源活性指标及千粒质量的变化规律与普通小麦相似;倒置茎顶三叶在接近乳熟后期时旗叶叶色等级高于倒二叶;随着生育期的推进,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和净光合速率均表现为倒二叶>旗叶>倒三叶,并持续到小麦成熟;倒置茎籽粒的千粒质量均高于正置茎,且增幅明显。【结论】自然界存在叶色倒置小麦,倒置茎上旗叶的衰老先于倒二叶,且与此现象有关的生物学参数均发生了异常变化。  

小麦苗期禾谷缢管蚜生物学反应及抗蚜性分析

为了评价不同来源小麦品种(系)对禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi L.)的抗性,应用每株麦苗上接1头蚜虫的方法,在人工气候室内,对禾谷缢管蚜在10个小麦品种(系)上的5个生物学参数发育历期DD、成虫与幼虫的体重差DW、成虫在与发育历期相等时间内的产仔数F、相对日均体重增长率MRGR和成虫在与发育历期相等时间内的日均产仔数Rm进行了测定,并以此为基础用多元方差分析法、多目标综合判别法和聚类分析法评价了这10个小麦品种(系)对禾谷缢管蚜的抗性。结果表明,在试验的10个小麦品种(系)中,小偃22、Astron、Ww2730和Amigo最不适于禾谷缢管蚜(R.padi)在其上取食,抗性最好,98-10-35和Xanthus次之,98-10-32、186Tm和98-10-30处在中间水平,Batis对禾谷缢管蚜(R.padi)的适应性最好,抗性最差。证明Astron、Ww2730和Amigo可作为抗蚜育种材料在我国使用。