烟草青枯病生防菌的筛选及其田间防效评价

为筛选出对烟草青枯病有效防治的生防菌,通过稀释涂布法从烟株根际土壤分离到一株具有明显拮抗作用的菌株69-1,经16S rDNA鉴定该菌株为壮观链霉菌(Streptomyces spectabilis),并用该菌株进行烟草青枯病田间防治试验。结果表明,与对照相比,经菌株69-1处理烟株茎围、有效叶片数、最大叶宽、最大叶长、上中下部烟叶单叶干重、最大叶面积、产量均显著增加,且对烟草青枯病的相对防效达60.42%,同时对不同处理组的初烤烟叶进行化学成分的检测分析,发现菌株69-1处理相对于对照组烟叶品质更佳。该菌株菌剂处理不仅可以提高烟株对烟草青枯病的防效,而且还提高烟叶品质和产量,可为烟草青枯病生物防治提供一定参考。     

农业生防昆虫黄猄蚁对3种农药的药剂敏感性研究

黄猄蚁(Oecophylla smaragdina)是最早用于农业生防的昆虫,目前已被证明能防治20多种农业害虫,对农林生产具有重要作用,但目前黄猄蚁对常见农药的药剂敏感性尚不清楚。本研究采集云南西双版纳地区的黄猄蚁,使用3种常见农药噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、呋虫胺对其进行了毒力测定,并在培养皿放置毒饵和蚂蚁之后的8 h、16 h、24 h、32 h、40 h、48 h分别记录了黄猄蚁的死亡情况。结果表明: 黄猄蚁对不同药剂的敏感性存在差异,黄猄蚁对呋虫胺,噻虫嗪以及吡虫啉的16h半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.130 g/l,0.290 g/l和0.382 g/l,差异显著。连续观察两天后,发现不同农药对黄猄蚁的致死时间也存在差异,该研究可为黄猄蚁生防的利用和保护提供科学参考。     

Phaeosphaeria sp.HD-06菌株对马唐的致病性分析及初步鉴定

为了得到能够有效抑制马唐Digitaria sanguinalis生长的生防微生物,在农田采集马唐种子,进行萌发试验,观察种子的萌发状况,从发病的种子和马唐幼苗基部分离致病菌,通过形态学观察以及ITS序列分析对致病菌进行鉴定。结果从罹病的马唐幼苗基部分离得到一株致病菌HD-06,该菌株的发酵液用水稀释至60%浓度时,对马唐种子的萌发抑制率和幼苗发病率均达到100%,这说明菌株HD-06对马唐有较好的生物防治作用。根据其形态学特点及ITS序列分析结果,鉴定菌株HD-06为暗球腔菌属Phaeosphaeria的真菌。这些结果为深入研究其对马唐的防治作用奠定了基础。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌YU-1对水稻纹枯病的防治作用

本文旨在筛选对水稻纹枯病有生防作用的菌株,并初步探索其生防作用机理。收集水稻、甘蓝、黄瓜等不同植物根际土壤,采用稀释分离和对峙培养法筛选对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani Kühn有抑菌作用的菌株;通过离体接种防效、盆栽防效、抑菌谱、对水稻纹枯病菌菌核萌发及形成的抑制作用等方面评价其生防潜力,并对生防菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,从采集的37份根际土壤中共分离获得细菌297株,其中4株对纹枯病菌具有较好的拮抗作用,菌株YU-1对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长的抑制率达89.8%;对西瓜枯萎病菌、草莓灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、油菜菌核病菌、小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制率均在85%以上;对水稻纹枯病的离体和盆栽防效分别为73.1%和66.3%;对水稻纹枯病菌菌核萌发的抑菌率在92%以上;经生理生化和分子鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。由此可看出,菌株YU-1对水稻纹枯病的防治具有较强的应用价值,具有进一步开发成生物农药的潜力。     

Biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas azotoformans,Serratia marcescens and Trichoderma virens against Fusarium wilt of Dalbergia sissoo

Wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani is a serious constraint to Dalbergia sissoo (shisham) plantations in northern India. In this study, the antagonistic potential of 40 bacterial isolates recovered from rhizophere soil of healthy shisham trees, and a well‐characterized Trichoderma species (Trichoderma virens) were tested for their possibility as biocontrol agents for F. solani. Two promising isolates (S1 and S15) were identified which inhibited pathogen growth, caused chitin degradation, produced siderophores and solubilized phosphate in vitro. Isolate S15 scored highest for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production while isolate S1 was a non‐HCN producer. These two isolates were identified as Serratia marcescens (S1) and Pseudomonas azotoformans (S15) following sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. In dual culture assays, T. virens caused 80% inhibition of mycelial growth of the test fungus. The three selected antagonists when tested in planta in the glasshouse completely suppressed production of wilt symptoms on 12‐month‐old shisham plants. Further work is needed to ascertain the potential of these isolates to be used as biocontrol agents to manage shisham wilt under field conditions.     

柑橘砂皮病菌生防菌的筛选及其发酵条件优化

以柑橘砂皮病菌为靶标菌株,采用平板对峙法从土壤中分离到的227株细菌中获得4株对柑橘砂皮病菌有明显抑制活性的菌株,其中Y2菌株发酵液稀释5倍和10倍后,对柑橘砂皮病菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为69.85%、61.76%。生理生化测定与16S r RNA基因序列分析结合,确定Y2菌株为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。Y2菌株培养的最佳氮源和最佳碳源分别为蛋白胨和可溶性淀粉,最佳发酵温度28℃,转速180 r/min。Y2菌株产生的抑菌活性物质经80℃高温处理和强酸、强碱处理,活性明显下降。     

施用蝗虫微孢子对草原地上部分天敌群落多样性的影响

为明确蝗虫微孢子对蝗虫的持续控制,2015年在青海省开展了蝗虫微孢子防治草原蝗虫的试验和连续跟踪调查。结果表明,施用蝗虫微孢子前后温性和高寒草原蝗区天敌种类无明显变化,但部分天敌类群所占比例发生了变化,施用蝗虫微孢子2、3、4周后,温性草原中寄生蝇所占比例分别显著增加了330.6%、752.8%、752.8%,高寒草原中寄生蝇所占比例分别显著增加了108.1%、309.9%、310.8%,温性草原中芫菁所占比例分别显著下降了43.5%、45.5%、75.5%,高寒草原中芫菁所占比例分别显著下降了54.2%、77.2%、76.3%。施用蝗虫微孢子2、3和4周后,温性草原的Shannon指数比防治前分别显著增加了5.7%、7.0%、3.8%,Pielou指数比防治前分别显著增加了6.2%、6.2%、3.7%,Simpson指数比防治前分别显著增加了5.4%、6.8%、4.1%;施用蝗虫微孢子2周后,高寒草原的Shannon指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数比防治前分别显著升高了4.8%、5.4%、3.8%,施用3周后,3个天敌群落多样性指数比防治前分别增加了1.8%、1.3%、2.2%,但Shannon指数和Simpson指数与防治前无显著差异,而Pielou指数比防治前显著增加,施用4周后,3个指数均与防治前无显著差异。施用蝗虫微孢子2、3和4周后,天敌群落布雷柯蒂斯距离与防治前差异显著,而重复样区间的布雷柯蒂斯距离在整个调查期无显著变化。表明蝗虫微孢子施用后对不同生态类型草原天敌群落多样性有一定的保护作用。     

具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵条件优化及菌剂制备

为了明确具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵过程中各因子的配比和最优条件,采用单因素试验对菌株最适碳源、氮源、载体、固态发酵基质进行了筛选,应用正交试验设计研究了碳源、氮源、初始含水量、接种量、初始pH、培养时间、培养温度7种因素对菌株活菌数的影响。试验结果表明菌株GD-9最佳固态发酵条件为:氮源NaNO_3 58.4 mg/g,碳源葡萄糖48.4 mg/g,培养基质最适初始含水量为258 mg/g,最适接种量为0.26 mL/g,初始pH 7.6,最佳培养时间147.8 h,最佳培养温度30.7℃,最适宜的载体为黏土,分散剂为聚乙烯醇,稳定剂为膨润土,润湿剂为糊精。通过发酵试验结果制备生防菌株GD-9的固体菌剂,该研究为菌剂的商品化生产奠定基础。     

Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.     

槟榔科学研究近况分析

概述世界槟榔种植区域分布、面积和产量，及2015年度国内外在槟榔生理生化、生防菌、栽培管理、加工和利用等方面取得的研究进展，并对目前槟榔研究技术瓶颈和发展趋势进行了分析。