高效脱色菌的特性及其在染化废水厌氧处理中的生物强化作用

从活性污泥等微生物源中分离、筛选获得10株高效脱色菌，经鉴定其属于Pseudomonas,Bacillus，Xanthomonas，Erwinia，Alealigenes，Plesiomonas。对艳红染料生产废水脱色试验表明最适温度30℃，pH6.6～8.0，湿细胞浓度20～30!g*L-1;静置培养（兼氧）脱色率高于振荡培养；外加NADH、NADPH、易降解有机物和有机废水可强化脱色菌的脱色性能。为实现脱色菌的资源化应用，试验将PseudomonasD18,ErwiniaD17,AlcaligenesD19andPlesiomonasD124株脱色菌制成混合培养物和固定化细胞，分别投加于处理染化废水的厌氧反应器，结果发现在相同COD负荷、水力负荷条件下，投加固定化细胞的反应器，其脱色率可提高5!%～10!%，出水苯胺浓度提高40!%～65!%。电镜观察发现脱色菌在胶团内外持留、增殖。厌氧反应器性能的改善主要通过功能性微生物生物量和相关基因库量的增加而实现。     

Enhanced Lead Uptake by an Association of Plant and Earthworm Bioaugmented with Bacteria

Lead (Pb) is recorded as the second most hazardous pollutant of the environment. Previous cases of Pb bioremediation has been reported using single biosystem, but very few reports are available in biological approaches using multi-biosystems to achieve an enhanced bioremoval of Pb. The present study evaluated the capacity of a unique association of Pennisetum purpureum, a hyperaccumulator plant, and Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) bioaugmented with a Pb-resistant bacterium, obtained from an industrially contaminated site and identified as isolate VITMVCJ1 Klebsiella variicola, to bioremediate Pb. The Pb-resistant gene was amplified in the bacterial isolate VITMVCJ1. The study was conducted for 60 d. Results verified that the bioaugmentation process enhanced 1) root and shoot length of the plants, 2) chlorophyll content of the plants, and 3) biofilm-producing ability of the microbes from the rhizosphere region of the plants. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be lower in the plants in the bioaugmented setup. The study also observed a reduction in the toxic effects of Pb on earthworm and plant. The earthworm was used to assess the Pb-induced stress syndrome after exposure to sublethal concentrations of Pb in the soil. A reduction in the content of malondialdehyde, a potential biomarker, on exposure to Pb demonstrated the role of the inoculum to alleviate heavy metal-induced stress in earthworms. All three symbionts accumulated Pb; Pb was accumulated mainly in the root of the plant, and poorly in the shoot of the plant and body mass of the earthworm. The bioaugmentation system exhibited stable and excellent uptake of Pb from the contaminated soils. The results of the present study suggest the positive effect of the synergistic association of the plant and earthworm with appropriate microbes for the bioremoval of Pb.     

土壤和土壤悬液中1,2,4-三氯苯的微生物强化降解

Inoculating soil with an adapted microbial community is a more effective bioaugmentation approach than inoculation with pure strains in bioremediation.However,information on the potential of different inocula from sites with varying contamination levels and pollution histories in soil remediation is lacking.The objective of the study was to investigate the potential of adapted microorganisms in soil inocula,with different contamination levels and pollution histories,to degrade 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB).Three different soils from chlorobenzene-contaminated sites were inoculated into agricultural soils and soil suspension cultures spiked with 1,2,4-TCB.The results showed that 36.52% of the initially applied 1,2,4-TCB was present in the non-inoculated soil,whereas about 19.00% of 1,2,4-TCB was present in the agricultural soils inoculated with contaminated soils after 28 days of incubation.The soils inoculated with adapted microbial biomass (in the soil inocula) showed higher respiration and lower 1,2,4-TCB volatilization than the non-inoculated soils,suggesting the existence of 1,2,4-TCB adapted degraders in the contaminated soils used for inoculation.It was further confirmed in the contaminated soil suspension cultures that the concentration of inorganic chloride ions increased continuously over the entire experimental period.Higher contamination of the inocula led not only to higher degradation potential but also to higher residue formation.However,even inocula of low-level contamination were effective in enhancing the degradation of 1,2,4-TCB.Therefore,applying adapted microorganisms in the form of soil inocula,especially with lower contamination levels,could be an effective and environment-friendly strategy for soil remediation.     

降解蒽遗传重组菌在蒽污染环境中的降解和存活能力研究

为了提高外源蒽降解菌An降解蒽的能力和存活能力，采用原生质体电融合技术，在蒽降解菌An和土生优势菌Tu之间实行了原生质体电融合，并从再生的融合子F中筛选到具有特定性状的后代菌株。把融合子接种于蒽污染的土壤与水环境中，研究其降解蒽的能力与存活能力。结果表明，在蒽污染的土壤中，40d时，融合子F与亲本An对蒽的降解率分别为70．7％、55．5％，融合子比出发菌株高15．2％；100h内融合子F和亲本An对水环境中蒽的降解转化率分别为75％、67．2％。说明在蒽污染的土壤和水环境中．在初始接种量相同的情况下，融合子的存活率明显高于出发菌株。     

Design and Performance of a Horizontal,Axial-Flow Water Circulator

An axial-flow water circulator was developed for use in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, culture ponds. The circulator design incorporated a series of 0.76-m diameter fan blades housed within a belled inlet duct 0.92 m in diameter and 1.22 m in length. Power was provided by a 2.24-kW gear motor. Power demand and discharge rates were established using all combinations of the following design variables: impeller type-three blades set at 30' angle or six blades set at 25' angle; impeller speed-90, 120, 144, and 180 rpm; number of impellers in series-1, 2, 3, or 4. The highest discharge rate of 63 m³/minute was established using four six-blade impellers operating at 144 rpm. A maximum discharge rate per unit of power input (efficiency) of 91.4 m³/minute-kW was obtained using two three-blade impellers operating at 90 rpm. Circulator efficiency decreased with increasing discharge rates as described by the model Y = 12888.8X^-1.68315, where Y = m³/minute-kW and X = m³/minute. Field tests conducted in 1.62-ha channel catfish production ponds demonstrated the ability of the circulator to increase water movement in all areas of the ponds and to reduce the frequency and total duration of required emergency aeration by 39.3% and 54.6%, respectively. Net production of channel catfish in ponds outfitted with the water circulator (6,683 kg/ha, n = 3) was not different (P > 0.05) than production in control ponds (6,205 kg/ha, n = 3).     

低温产甲烷菌群对玉米秸秆低温厌氧消化的生物强化作用

为研究产甲烷菌群对秸秆低温厌氧消化的生物强化作用,试研究将长期驯化的低温产甲烷菌群投加至秸秆厌氧消化体系中,对比不同添加剂量(3%、6%、9%、12%、15%和18%)对低温(20℃)批式厌氧消化性能的影响。对产甲烷性能、中间代谢产物进行统计学和动力学分析,评价生物强化效果,确定最佳剂量,结合微生物群落分析揭示生物强化作用机制,结果表明：生物强化可促进秸秆低温厌氧消化,提高甲烷率1.27～2.24倍,促进乙酸和丙酸的降解,避免酸抑制,相比对照组缩短厌氧消化时间(T₈₀)12～19d;动力学分析表明：生物强化可缩短厌氧消化的延滞期;统计学分析表明：强化甲烷产量的最佳剂量为12%,单位质量菌群强化甲烷产量的最佳剂量为6%;微生物群落分析显示生物强化促进低温厌氧消化的主要原因是提高了产甲烷菌Methanothrix和Methanosarcina相对丰度。     

溶剂萃取与生物降解法联合修复老化石油污染土壤

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, practicality and sustainability of a combined approach based on solvent extraction and biodegradation to remediate the soils contaminated with high levels of weathered petroleum hydrocarbons. The soils used in this study were obtained from the Shengli Oilfield in China, which had a long history of contamination with high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons. The contaminated soils were washed using a composite organic solvent consisting of hexane and pentane (4:1, v/v) and then bioremediated in microcosms which were bioaugmentated with Bacillus subtilis FQ06 strains and/or rhamnolipid. The optimal solvent extraction conditions were determined as extraction for 20 min at 25 °C with solvent-soil ratio of 6:1 (v/w). On this basis, total petroleum hydrocarbon was decreased from 140 000 to 14 000 mg kg-1, which was further reduced to < 4 000 mg kg-1 by subsequent bioremediation for 132 d. Sustainability assessment of this integrated technology showed its good performance for both short- and long-term effectiveness. Overall the results encouraged its application for remediating contaminated sites especially with high concentration weathered hydrocarbons.     

微生物菌剂的应用及其研究进展

通过分离、纯化以及正交试验等一系列方法获得优势菌,采用固定化技术将其与载体制备成微生物菌剂。相对传统微生物处理,生物菌剂具有更强的降解能力、更广阔的发展潜力及更好的市场前景。目前,微生物菌剂在农业、污染物降解、堆肥、水质净化等领域都得到了普遍的应用。