The roles of light and pericarp on seed dormancy and germination in feral Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)

The timing of seed germination may determine the success of a weed species in an agroecosystem, and its expression is modulated by environmental conditions, but also by seed physiology and anatomy. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of light, pericarp, dry storage and cold stratification on seed dormancy and germination in feral radish, a troublesome agricultural weed in temperate zones of the Americas that reduces crop yields. To this end, we used isolated intact pods and extracted seeds to test germination over time under contrasting temperature, light and storage conditions. Here, we showed that fresh seeds were non‐dormant, but that light and the presence of the pericarp reduced germination, especially under low temperatures. The pericarp reduced the final water content absorbed by seeds inside pods and decreased absorption/dehydration rates. The pericarp showed several small lignified cell layers in the endocarp, and x‐ray images displayed the lack of space between the partially embedded seed and the endocarp. Dry storage and cold stratification were ineffective in breaking the dormancy imposed by the pericarp. The apparent requirement for darkness and the mechanical restriction of the pericarp may have the potential to induce dormancy, spreading the timing of seed germination over a more extended period and hindering the control of feral radish.     

赤霉素及机械处理的相互作用对破除Sandersonia aurantiaca种子休眠的研究

在预备试验的基础上，选用了21种促进种子发芽的方法，结果显示，完整的s．aurantiaca种子对任何处理都无响应，砂纸磨擦 近胚根处切除小部分可使种子发芽率提高至11％。以上处理结合300mg／L GA3溶液的使用可破除种子休眠，使种子发芽率提高到69％以上。结果还表明，S．aurantiaca种子发芽的适宜温度为20℃；25℃ 16h／d光照及30℃的条件可降低种子的发芽率。研究还对S．aurantiaca种子的吸胀能力以及所含抑制物对生菜种子发芽的影响进行了比较。初步得出，S．aurantiaca种子具有种皮限制和种胚休眠的双重休眠机制，GA3和机械处理的相互作用可破除种子休眠。     

Germination ecology of seeds of the annual weeds Capsella bursa-pastoris and Descurainia sophia originating from high northern latitudes

Low temperatures may inhibit dormancy break in seeds of winter annuals, therefore it was hypothesized that seeds of Capsella bursa‐pastoris and Descurainia sophia that mature at high latitudes in late summer–early autumn would not germinate until they had been exposed to high summer temperatures. Consequently, germination would be delayed until the second autumn. Most freshly matured seeds of both species collected in August and September in southern Sweden were dormant. After 3 weeks of burial at simulated August (20/10°C) and September (15/6°C) temperatures, 28 and 27%, respectively, of the C. bursa‐pastoris and 56 and 59%, respectively, of the D. sophia seeds germinated in light at 15/6°C. In contrast, in germination phenology studies conducted in Sweden, only a few seeds of either species germinated during the first autumn following dispersal. However, there was a peak of germination of both species the following spring, demonstrating that dormancy was lost during exposure to the low habitat temperatures between late summer and early autumn and spring. Nearly 100% of the seeds of both species subjected to simulated annual seasonal temperature changes were viable after 30.5 months of burial. In the burial study, exhumed seeds of C. bursa‐pastoris were capable of germinating to 98–100% in light at the simulated spring–autumn temperature regime (15/6°C) in both spring and autumn, while those of D. sophia did so only in autumn. In early spring, however, seeds of D. sophia germinated to 17–50% at 15/6°C. Thus, most seeds of these two annual weeds that mature in late summer do not germinate in the first autumn, but they may do so the following spring or in some subsequent autumn or spring.     

阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶活性变化的研究

[目的]研究阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶的活性及酶谱变化规律,为阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程生理调控机制的分析探讨奠定基础.[方法]以赤霉素浸种前、浸种后、培养10 d、种子露白、胚芽长至1 cm时各阶段的阳春砂种子为材料,测定其种子中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术研究建立过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及酯酶(EST)同工酶的电泳酶谱.[结果]阳春砂种子在休眠和萌发过程中,POD、SOD、CAT和EST同工酶的活性及酶谱带的数量均发生了一定的变化,其中POD和SOD同工酶活性均呈先减弱后增强的趋势;CAT同工酶在萌发前期变化不明显,后期酶的活性增强,且酶的种类也增加;EST同工酶的酶活性呈先减弱后增强再减弱的变化趋势,且在种子露白时活性达到最强.[结论]阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶谱的变化特点一定程度上可反应出种子休眠与萌发不同阶段的生理特性,这些同工酶基因的差异表达导致了阳春砂种子打破体眠和最终的萌发.     

H_2O_2在外源GA_4解除果梅季节性休眠中的信号作用

以GA_4处理的果梅休眠芽和转PmRGL2基因杨树叶片为材料,通过测定H_2O_2含量、抗氧化酶类活性及其编码基因和信号转导相关基因表达的变化,分析了H_2O_2在外源GA_4解除果梅休眠中的信号作用。结果表明:GA_4处理的果梅花芽的萌芽率显著高于对照,且H_2O_2含量在休眠解除时达到峰值,信号转导相关基因表达发生规律性变化;‘桃形梅’和‘丰后’的需冷量分别为574 CH(低温小时数Chilling hours)和1 108 CH,休眠解除前后,两品种叶芽中的H_2O_2含量没有显著差异,但需冷量低的‘桃形梅’具有更高的抗氧化酶类活性;转Pm RGL2杨树中NADPHoxi下调表达,有利于使H_2O_2含量维持在较低水平,并对赤霉素合成及信号转导相关基因的表达产生影响,而抗氧化酶类活性及其编码基因的表达量上升。推测GA_4通过调控抗氧化酶类活性而影响H_2O_2含量的变化,并引起上下游多种信号相关基因表达水平的变化,最终对休眠解除起作用。     

吉林延龄草种子内源抑制物质初步研究

为探讨吉林延龄草种子内源抑制物质生理活性及种子中抑制物质的去除方法,采用乙酸乙酯、甲醇、水提取吉林延龄草种子并测定其提取物对白菜、水稻幼苗生长的抑制活性,用温水(25,35,45℃)浸种并测定各批次浸提液抑制活性,结果表明,吉林延龄草种子浸提液(乙酸乙酯提取液除外)对白菜幼根及胚轴,水稻幼根均有显著抑制作用,且抑制物质的活性随着提取物浓度的增加而增强,吉林延龄草种子水提取液(C)对白菜和水稻幼苗生长的抑制活性高于甲醇提取液(B)的生物活性,吉林延龄草种子乙酸乙酯提取液对白菜和水稻幼苗无显著抑制作用(p＞0.05),吉林延龄草种子经乙酸乙酯、甲醇溶液提取后,再经蒸馏水提取获得的水提液Ⅱ(E)对白菜和水稻幼苗生长的抑制活性减弱;温水浸泡可将其内源抑制物质浸提出来,且随着浸种时间的增加,浸提液对白菜幼根及胚轴的抑制作用呈现先增加而后逐渐降低的趋势.25℃蒸馏水浸泡种子第5天浸提液抑制作用达到最大,对白菜幼根及胚轴的抑制作用分别达到65.89％和25.69％,35℃蒸馏水浸泡种子第3天浸提液抑制作用达到最大,对白菜幼根及胚轴的抑制作用分别达到82.14％和59.93％,45℃蒸馏水浸泡种子第2天浸提液抑制作用达到最大,对白菜幼根及胚轴的抑制作用分别达到90.62％和83.86％.综合分析表明,吉林延龄草种子中存在活性较高的内源抑制物,用45℃温水浸泡可有效除去种子内源抑制物质.     

福建省将乐县金溪建电站前后雨水情变化分析

本文通过对将乐县金溪建电站前的1953～1978年、建电站后的1990～2009年雨水情进行分析,结果表明:自然状态下的将乐县(1953～1978年)无论雨水大小,每年都有洪水超过警戒水位,年最大洪水发生时间在4～7月;1953～1978年有16年的当年最大洪峰水位发生在当年最大日降雨量当日至第16日内,频率为61.5...     

茶树越冬芽在休眠与萌发时期的物质交流变化及其分子调控

为揭示不同萌发物候型茶树的休眠机制,以特早生茶树品种龙井43和中生茶树品种碧云为材料,利用钙黄素处理茶树茎段,检测越冬芽在休眠与萌发时期与其他器官的物质交流情况。利用同源比对鉴定胼胝质水解相关基因,并分析其序列特征及在冬季不同时期的表达模式。结果表明,越冬芽在茶树生长阶段和休眠阶段都存在着与着生茎段和母叶间的物质交流;从茶树越冬芽休眠形成到解除的不同时期,其物质交流存在"强-弱-强"的变化规律,但龙井43的与碧云相比存在较短的物质交流减弱时期;两种茶树的物质交流变化模式与鉴定到的茶树胼胝质水解正向调控相关基因CsGLU1的表达模式密切相关;启动子序列分析进一步证实CsGLU1启动子区有多个与激素信号以及低温和休眠响应相关转录因子结合的保守序列。茶树越冬芽在休眠和非休眠状态下都存在与茎和母叶之间的物质交流,且物质交流强弱与茶树越冬芽休眠状态改变密切相关。CsGLU1可能是参与胼胝质水解调控,改变茶树越冬芽物质交流水平,进而影响茶树休眠状态的关键基因。这对明确茶树越冬芽休眠状态变化和深入揭示不同萌发物候型茶树休眠机理有重要意义。     

Field Evaluation of Cocksfoot,Tall Fescue and Phalaris for Dry Marginal Environments of South‐Eastern Australia. 1. Establishment and Herbage Production

Newly developed candidate cultivars of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = syn. L. arundinaceum (Schreb) Darbysh.) were evaluated over four years for persistence and productivity against current commercial cultivars in small plots at five locations selected for lower and less reliable rainfall and difficult soils (low pH and high Al) in south‐eastern Australia known to be marginally too dry for these grass species. The five locations were ‐ representing summer dominant rainfall, Inverell, in northern New South Wales (NSW); ‐ representing uniform rainfall; Trungley Hall, (medium rainfall), and Beckom (lower rainfall) both in southern NSW; and; representing a winter dominant pattern ‐ Eversley, (higher rainfall), and Bealiba, (lower rainfall), in central Victoria. The objective was to determine if the new candidate cultivars were more likely to persist and to be productive than current commercial cultivars. The study showed that most phalaris and cocksfoot treatments were highly productive in high rainfall years at one or both sites in southern NSW. However, all treatments had become much less productive by the end of the experimental period due to plant loss under hot, dry conditions in the final summer. At Bealiba in central Victoria, cocksfoot was the most productive species with several cocksfoot treatments of both subsp. hispanica and subsp. glomerata still present at the final harvest despite a hot and dry final summer‐autumn. Tall fescue was the most productive species in the two higher rainfall environments (Inverell, Eversley) although most treatments of all species performed well at those sites. Continental tall fescues were more productive on average than Mediterranean tall fescues at the strongly acidic Eversley site. As a result of this work, two of the new cocksfoot candidates (Moroccan Fine and AVH48 Selection) and one of the tall fescue candidates (Summer Active 1) have been licensed for commercial development and release.     

气候变暖对新疆不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿种植适宜性的影响

基于新疆102个气象台站1961?2019年逐日平均气温、最低气温资料,采用统计学方法以及ArcGIS的空间插值技术,在对影响新疆紫花苜蓿种植的主要气候因子 ≥ 5 ℃积温、冬季最低气温时空变化特征分析的基础上,以80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温和90%保证率冬季最低气温作为指标因子,研究了气候变暖背景下,新疆不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿种植气候适宜性的变化。结果表明：新疆80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温和90%保证率冬季最低气温的空间分布总体呈现“南疆多(高),北疆少(低);平原多(高),山区少(低)”的格局。受上述两指标要素空间分异的综合影响,秋眠级4～6级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区主要分布在南疆的塔里木盆地以及东疆的吐鲁番盆地和哈密盆地;秋眠级2～3级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区分布在塔里木盆地、吐鲁番盆地和哈密盆地周边山前倾斜平原,伊犁河谷以及准噶尔盆地西部和东部的低平原地带;秋眠级1～2级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区分布在北疆北部、西部,准噶尔盆地腹地以及天山和昆仑山中、低山带;阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山区大部为紫花苜蓿不适宜种植区。影响不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿种植的主导因子不同,秋眠级4～6级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区以及紫花苜蓿不宜种植区主要受80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温的影响;秋眠级1～2级和2～3级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区主要受90%保证率冬季最低气温的影响。在全球变暖背景下,近59年新疆 ≥ 5 ℃积温和冬季最低气温分别以65.52 (℃·d)·10 a?1和0.63 ℃·10 a?1的倾向率呈极显著(P < 0.001)上升趋势,80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温和90%保证率冬季最低气温也总体增多或升高,但其变化具有阶段性差异,时段Ⅰ (1961–1980年) 80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温和90%保证率冬季最低气温为近59年最低时期;时段Ⅱ(1981?2000年)较时段Ⅰ的90%保证率冬季最低气温升高2.9 ℃,但80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温变化不大;时段Ⅲ(2001?2019年)较时段Ⅱ的90%保证率冬季最低气温不升反降0.8 ℃,而80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温增加147.0 ℃·d。受上述气候要素变化的影响,近59年新疆秋眠级4～6级和2～3级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区呈扩大趋势,而秋眠级1～2级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区及紫花苜蓿不宜种植区呈减小趋势。这表明气候变暖对新疆紫花苜蓿种植的发展总体趋于有利。